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CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
METHOD:PUBLISH
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1901-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19011112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19011113
DESCRIPTION:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr. was a Dutch physical chemist. 
 A highly influential theoretical chemist\, in 1901 Van 't Hoff won the fi
 rst Nobel Prize in Chemistry "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical 
 dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions". His pioneering work helped fo
 und the modern theory of chemical affinity\, chemical equilibrium\, chemic
 al kinetics\, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet\, Van 't H
 off formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foun
 dations of stereochemistry. In 1875\, he predicted the correct structures 
 of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality. He is also wide
 ly considered one of the three co-founders of physical chemistry as the di
 scipline is known today. The Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie was fou
 nded in 1887 by Van ’t Hoff\, Svante Arrhenius and Wilhelm Ostwald\, at 
 Leipzig University as the first dedicated scientific journal for the disci
 pline.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901\, announced November 12\, 1901
 .\nJacobus H. van 't Hoff\, “in recognition of the extraordinary service
 s he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and os
 motic pressure in solutions”.\nJacobus H. van 't Hoff: born 1852\, Rotte
 rdam\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_
 van_'t_Hoff\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1901-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19011114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19011115
DESCRIPTION:René François Armand "Sully" Prudhomme was a French poet and 
 essayist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature\, in 19
 01.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1901\, announced November 14\, 1901.\
 nSully Prudhomme\, “in special recognition of his poetic composition\, w
 hich gives evidence of lofty idealism\, artistic perfection and a rare com
 bination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”.\nSully Prudhomme
 : born 1839\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully_Prudh
 omme\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Sully Prudhomme
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1901-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19011210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19011211
DESCRIPTION:Henry Dunant\, also known as Henri Dunant\, was a Swiss humanit
 arian\, businessman\, social activist\, and co-founder of the Red Cross. H
 is humanitarian efforts won him the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Peace Prize 1901\, announced December 10\, 1901.\nHenry Dunant (1/
 2)\, “for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create i
 nternational understanding”.\nFrédéric Passy (1/2)\, “for his lifelo
 ng work for international peace conferences\, diplomacy and arbitration”
 .\nHenry Dunant: born 1828\, Geneva\, Switzerland.\nFrédéric Passy: born
  1822\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dunant\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_Passy\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1901-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19011112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19011113
DESCRIPTION:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a German experimental physicist who
  produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range kno
 wn as X-rays. In 1901\, Röntgen became the first recipient of the Nobel P
 rize in Physics "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rende
 red by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him."
  The element roentgenium is named in his honor.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phys
 ics 1901\, announced November 12\, 1901.\nWilhelm Conrad Röntgen\, “in 
 recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery
  of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”.\nWilhelm Conrad R
 öntgen: born 1845\, Lennep\, Prussia (now Remscheid\, Germany).\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Röntgen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1901-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19011030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19011031
DESCRIPTION:Emil von Behring\, was a German physiologist. In 1901\, he rece
 ived the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his work on seru
 m therapy\, especially its application against diphtheria\, by which he ha
 s opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in
  the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths
 ". He was widely known as a "saviour of children"\, as diphtheria used to 
 be a major cause of child death. His work with the disease\, as well as te
 tanus\, has come to bring him most of his fame and acknowledgment. He was 
 honoured with Prussian nobility in 1901\, henceforth being known by the su
 rname "von Behring".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901\, a
 nnounced October 30\, 1901.\nEmil von Behring\, “for his work on serum t
 herapy\, especially its application against diphtheria\, by which he has o
 pened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in th
 e hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”
 .\nEmil von Behring: born 1854\, Hansdorf\, Prussia (now Lawice\, Poland).
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Emil von Behring
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1902-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19021112
DESCRIPTION:Hermann Emil Louis Fischer was a German chemist and 1902 recipi
 ent of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He discovered the Fischer esterificat
 ion. He also developed the Fischer projection\, a symbolic way of drawing 
 asymmetric carbon atoms. He also hypothesized the lock and key mechanism o
 f enzyme action. He never used his first given name\, and was known throug
 hout his life simply as Emil Fischer.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902
 \, announced November 11\, 1902.\nEmil Fischer\, “in recognition of the 
 extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syn
 theses”.\nEmil Fischer: born 1852\, Euskirchen\, Prussia (now Germany).\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Emil Fischer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1902-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19021114
DESCRIPTION:Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen was a German classical schol
 ar\, historian\, jurist\, journalist\, politician and archaeologist. He is
  widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. H
 e received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature for his historical writings\
 , including The History of Rome\, after having been nominated by 18 member
 s of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He was also a prominent German poli
 tician\, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on 
 Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the Ge
 rman civil code.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1902\, announced Novembe
 r 13\, 1902.\nTheodor Mommsen\, “the greatest living master of the art o
 f historical writing\, with special reference to his monumental work\, <I>
 A history of Rome</I>”.\nTheodor Mommsen: born 1817\, Garding\, Schleswi
 g (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Theodor Mommsen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1902-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19021211
DESCRIPTION:Élie Ducommun was a Swiss peace activist. He was a Nobel laure
 ate\, awarded the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize\, which he shared with Charles Al
 bert Gobat.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1902\, announced December 10\, 1902.\
 nÉlie Ducommun (1/2)\, “for his untiring and skilful directorship of th
 e Bern Peace Bureau”.\nAlbert Gobat (1/2)\, “for his eminently practic
 al administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union”.\nÉlie Ducommun: bo
 rn 1833\, Geneva\, Switzerland.\nAlbert Gobat: born 1843\, Tramelan\, Swit
 zerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Ducommun\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Élie Ducommun and Albert Gobat
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1902-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19021112
DESCRIPTION:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch theoretical physicist who sh
 ared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their discover
 y and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He derived the Lorentz
  transformation of the special theory of relativity\, as well as the Loren
 tz force\, which describes the force acting on a charged particle in an el
 ectromagnetic field. He was also responsible for the Lorentz oscillator mo
 del\, a classical model used to describe the anomalous dispersion observed
  in dielectric materials when the driving frequency of the electric field 
 was near the resonant frequency of the material\, resulting in abnormal re
 fractive indices.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1902\, announced November 
 11\, 1902.\nHendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman\, “in recognition of th
 e extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influen
 ce of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”.\nHendrik A. Lorentz: born 185
 3\, Arnhem\, the Netherlands.\nPieter Zeeman: born 1865\, Zonnemaire\, the
  Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1902-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19021031
DESCRIPTION:Sir Ronald Ross was a British medical doctor. He received the 1
 902 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for his work on malaria\, by w
 hich he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foun
 dation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it
 ". His discovery of the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of
  a mosquito in 1897 proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes\, an
 d laid the foundation for the method of combating the disease.\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902\, announced October 30\, 1902.\nRon
 ald Ross\, “for his work on malaria\, by which he has shown how it enter
 s the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research
  on this disease and methods of combating it”.\nRonald Ross: born 1857\,
  Almora\, India.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Ronald Ross
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1903-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19031112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031113
DESCRIPTION:Svante August Arrhenius was a Swedish scientist. Originally a p
 hysicist\, but often referred to as a chemist\, Arrhenius was one of the f
 ounders of the science of physical chemistry. In 1903\, he received the No
 bel Prize in Chemistry\, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate. In 190
 5\, he became the director of the Nobel Institute\, where he remained unti
 l his death.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903\, announced November 12\
 , 1903.\nSvante Arrhenius\, “in recognition of the extraordinary service
 s he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theo
 ry of dissociation”.\nSvante Arrhenius: born 1859\, Vik\, Sweden.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Svante Arrhenius
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1903-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19031119
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031120
DESCRIPTION:Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson was a Norwegian writer who re
 ceived the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to his noble\, mag
 nificent and versatile poetry\, which has always been distinguished by bot
 h the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit". The
  first Norwegian Nobel laureate\, he was a prolific polemicist and extreme
 ly influential in Norwegian public life and Scandinavian cultural debate. 
 Bjørnson is considered to be one of "the four greats" of Norwegian litera
 ture\, alongside Ibsen\, Lie\, and Kielland. He is also celebrated for his
  lyrics to the Norwegian national anthem\, "Ja\, vi elsker dette landet". 
 The composer Fredrikke Waaler based a composition for voice and piano on a
  text by Bjørnson\, as did Anna Teichmüller.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Liter
 ature 1903\, announced November 19\, 1903.\nBjørnstjerne Bjørnson\, “a
 s a tribute to his noble\, magnificent and versatile poetry\, which has al
 ways been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the r
 are purity of its spirit”.\nBjørnstjerne Bjørnson: born 1832\, Kvikne\
 , Norway.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjørnstjerne_Bjørnson\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1903-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19031210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031211
DESCRIPTION:Sir William Randal Cremer usually known by his middle name "Ran
 dal"\, was a British Liberal Member of Parliament\, a pacifist\, and a lea
 ding advocate for international arbitration. He was awarded the Nobel Peac
 e Prize in 1903 for his work with the international arbitration movement.\
 n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1903\, announced December 10\, 1903.\nRandal Crem
 er\, “for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of 
 peace and arbitration”.\nRandal Cremer: born 1828\, Fareham\, United Kin
 gdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Cremer\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Randal Cremer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1903-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19031112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031113
DESCRIPTION:Antoine Henri Becquerel was a French experimental physicist who
  shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie for hi
 s discovery of radioactivity.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1903\, announc
 ed November 12\, 1903.\nHenri Becquerel (1/2)\, “in recognition of the e
 xtraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radi
 oactivity”.\nPierre Curie (1/4)\, “in recognition of the extraordinary
  services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation ph
 enomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”.\nMarie Curie (1/4)\, 
 “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by thei
 r joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henr
 i Becquerel”.\nHenri Becquerel: born 1852\, Paris\, France.\nPierre Curi
 e: born 1859\, Paris\, France.\nMarie Curie: born 1867\, Warsaw\, Russian 
 Empire (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar
 ie_Curie\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Henri Becquerel\, Pierre Curie\, and Marie Curie
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1903-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19031015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031016
DESCRIPTION:Niels Ryberg Finsen was a physician and scientist. In 1903\, he
  was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of
  his contribution to the treatment of diseases\, especially lupus vulgaris
 \, with concentrated light radiation\, whereby he has opened a new avenue 
 for medical science."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903\, 
 announced October 15\, 1903.\nNiels Ryberg Finsen\, “in recognition of h
 is contribution to the treatment of diseases\, especially lupus vulgaris\,
  with concentrated light radiation\, whereby he has opened a new avenue fo
 r medical science”.\nNiels Ryberg Finsen: born 1860\, Thorshavn\, Faroe 
 Islands (Denmark).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Niels Ryberg Finsen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1904-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19041108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19041109
DESCRIPTION:Sir William Ramsay was a Scottish chemist who discovered the no
 ble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognitio
 n of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" a
 long with his collaborator\, John William Strutt\, 3rd Baron Rayleigh\, wh
 o received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery o
 f argon. After the two men identified argon\, Ramsay investigated other at
 mospheric gases. His work in isolating argon\, helium\, neon\, krypton\, a
 nd xenon led to the development of a new section of the periodic table.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904\, announced November 8\, 1904.\nSir Wil
 liam Ramsay\, “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the in
 ert gaseous elements in air\, and his determination of their place in the 
 periodic system”.\nSir William Ramsay: born 1852\, Glasgow\, Scotland.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Sir William Ramsay
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1904-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19041117
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19041118
DESCRIPTION:Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral was an Occitan writer and le
 xicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 N
 obel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true
  inspiration of his poetic production\, which faithfully reflects the natu
 ral scenery and native spirit of his people\, and\, in addition\, his sign
 ificant work as a Provençal philologist". Mistral was a founding member o
 f the Félibrige and member of the Académie de Marseille.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Literature 1904\, announced November 17\, 1904.\nFrédéric Mistral
  (1/2)\, “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration o
 f his poetic production\, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery an
 d native spirit of his people\, and\, in addition\, his significant work a
 s a Proven&ccedil\;al philologist”.\nJosé Echegaray (1/2)\, “in recog
 nition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which\, in an individual
  and original manner\, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish dr
 ama”.\nFrédéric Mistral: born 1830\, Maillane\, France.\nJosé Echegar
 ay: born 1832\, Madrid\, Spain.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéri
 c_Mistral\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Echegaray\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Frédéric Mistral and José Echegaray
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1904-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19041210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19041211
DESCRIPTION:The Institute of International Law is an organization devoted t
 o the study and development of international law\, whose membership compri
 ses the world's leading public international lawyers. Established in 1873\
 , it was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1
 904\, announced December 10\, 1904.\nInstitute of International Law\, “f
 or its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and
  to make the laws of war more humane”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Institut_de_Droit_International\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Institute of International Law
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1904-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19041108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19041109
DESCRIPTION:John William Strutt\, 3rd Baron Rayleigh\, was a British physic
 ist and hereditary peer who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 fo
 r his discovery of argon.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1904\, announced N
 ovember 8\, 1904.\nLord Rayleigh\, “for his investigations of the densit
 ies of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connecti
 on with these studies”.\nLord Rayleigh: born 1842\, Langford Grove\, Mal
 don\, Essex\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strutt
 \,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Lord Rayleigh
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1904-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19041020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19041021
DESCRIPTION:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian and Soviet experimental neu
 rologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditionin
 g through his experiments with dogs. Pavlov also conducted significant res
 earch on the physiology of digestion\, for which he was awarded the Nobel 
 Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology 
 or Medicine 1904\, announced October 20\, 1904.\nIvan Pavlov\, “in recog
 nition of his work on the physiology of digestion\, through which knowledg
 e on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”.\nI
 van Pavlov: born 1849\, Ryazan\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Ivan_Pavlov\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Ivan Pavlov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1905-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19051109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19051110
DESCRIPTION:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer was a German chemist 
 who synthesized indigo and developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds. 
 He was ennobled in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1885 and was the 1905 recipie
 nt of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905\,
  announced November 9\, 1905.\nAdolf von Baeyer\, “in recognition of his
  services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industr
 y\, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”.\nAdol
 f von Baeyer: born 1835\, Berlin\, Prussia (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Adolf von Baeyer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1905-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19051109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19051110
DESCRIPTION:Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz\, also known by the pse
 udonym Litwos\, was a Polish epic writer. He is remembered for his histori
 cal novels\, such as the Trilogy series and especially for his internation
 ally known best-seller Quo Vadis (1895–1896).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Lite
 rature 1905\, announced November 9\, 1905.\nHenryk Sienkiewicz\, “becaus
 e of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”.\nHenryk Sienkiewicz: bor
 n 1846\, Wola Okrzejska\, Poland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_
 Sienkiewicz\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Henryk Sienkiewicz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1905-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19051210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19051211
DESCRIPTION:Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicitas von Suttner was an Austrian no
 blewoman\, pacifist and novelist. In 1905\, she became the second female N
 obel laureate\, the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize\, and 
 the first Austrian laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1905\, announced Dec
 ember 10\, 1905.\nBertha von Suttner\, “for her audacity to oppose the h
 orrors of war”.\nBertha von Suttner: born 1843\, Prague\, Austrian Empir
 e (now Czech Republic).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttne
 r\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Bertha von Suttner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1905-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19051109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19051110
DESCRIPTION:Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard was a German experimental physi
 cist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1905 for his work on catho
 de rays. This work led to his experimental realization of the photoelectri
 c effect\, discovering that the energy (speed) of the electrons ejected fr
 om a cathode depends only on the frequency and not the intensity of light.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1905\, announced November 9\, 1905.\nPhilip
 p Lenard\, “for his work on cathode rays”.\nPhilipp Lenard: born 1862\
 , Pressburg\, Hungary (now Bratislava\, Slovakia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Philipp_Lenard\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Philipp Lenard
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1905-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19051012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19051013
DESCRIPTION:Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician and microbi
 ologist. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his in
 vestigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis".\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Physiology or Medicine 1905\, announced October 12\, 1905.\nRobert 
 Koch\, “for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculos
 is”.\nRobert Koch: born 1843\, Clausthal (now Clausthal-Zellerfeld)\, Ge
 rmany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Robert Koch
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1906-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19061113
DESCRIPTION:Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan was a French chemist and pha
 rmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolatin
 g fluorine from its compounds. Among his other contributions\, Moissan dis
 covered moissanite and contributed to the development of the electric arc 
 furnace. Moissan was one of the original members of the International Atom
 ic Weights Committee.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906\, announced Nov
 ember 12\, 1906.\nHenri Moissan\, “in recognition of the great services 
 rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine
 \, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace 
 called after him”.\nHenri Moissan: born 1852\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Moissan\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Henri Moissan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1906-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19061109
DESCRIPTION:Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci was an Italian poet\, writ
 er\, literary critic and teacher. He was noticeably influential\, and was 
 regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. In 1906\, he becam
 e the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish 
 Academy awarded him the prize "not only in consideration of his deep learn
 ing and critical research\, but above all as a tribute to the creative ene
 rgy\, freshness of style\, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic
  masterpieces."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1906\, announced November
  8\, 1906.\nGiosuè Carducci\, “not only in consideration of his deep le
 arning and critical research\, but above all as a tribute to the creative 
 energy\, freshness of style\, and lyrical force which characterize his poe
 tic masterpieces”.\nGiosuè Carducci: born 1835\, Val di Castello\, Tusc
 any (now Italy).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosuè_Carducci\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Giosuè Carducci
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1906-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19061211
DESCRIPTION:Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was the 26th president of the United Sta
 tes\, serving from 1901 to 1909. Previously serving for six months as vice
  president under William McKinley\, Roosevelt became president after McKin
 ley's assassination in 1901. He was 42 years old upon his first inaugurati
 on\, making him the youngest person to hold the office.\n\nThe Nobel Peace
  Prize 1906\, announced December 10\, 1906.\nTheodore Roosevelt\, “for h
 is role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of
  the world's great powers\, Japan and Russia”.\nTheodore Roosevelt: born
  1858\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roo
 sevelt\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Theodore Roosevelt
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1906-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19061113
DESCRIPTION:Sir Joseph John Thomson was a British physicist. He received th
 e 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the great merits of his t
 heoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricit
 y by gases." In 1897\, he showed that cathode rays were composed of previo
 usly unknown negatively charged particles\, which he calculated must have 
 bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large charge-to-mass ratio. The 
 electron was the first subatomic particle to be discovered.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1906\, announced November 12\, 1906.\nJ.J. Thomson\, “in
  recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental inves
 tigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”.\nJ.J. Thomson: bor
 n 1856\, Cheetham Hill\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 J._J._Thomson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · J.J. Thomson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1906-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19061026
DESCRIPTION:Camillo Golgi was an Italian biologist and pathologist who was 
 awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his works on th
 e central nervous system. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia b
 etween 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Inspired by pa
 thologist Giulio Bizzozero\, he pursued research in the nervous system. Hi
 s discovery of a staining technique called black reaction in 1873 was a ma
 jor breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anat
 omy and physiology are named for him\, including the Golgi apparatus\, the
  Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phy
 siology or Medicine 1906\, announced October 25\, 1906.\nCamillo Golgi and
  Santiago Ramón y Cajal\, “in recognition of their work on the structur
 e of the nervous system”.\nCamillo Golgi: born 1843\, Corteno\, Italy.\n
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal: born 1852\, Petilla de Aragón\, Spain.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi
 ago_Ramón_y_Cajal\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1907-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19071112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19071113
DESCRIPTION:Eduard Buchner was a German\nchemist\nand expert on fermentatio
 n\, awarded the 1907\nNobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on\nfermentati
 on.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907\, announced November 12\, 1907.\n
 Eduard Buchner\, “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of ce
 ll-free fermentation”.\nEduard Buchner: born 1860\, Munich\, Bavaria (no
 w Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Buchner\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Eduard Buchner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1907-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19071107
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19071108
DESCRIPTION:Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English journalist\, novelist\, p
 oet and short-story writer. He was born in British India\, which inspired 
 much of his work.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1907\, announced Novemb
 er 7\, 1907.\nRudyard Kipling\, “in consideration of the power of observ
 ation\, originality of imagination\, virility of ideas and remarkable tale
 nt for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous aut
 hor”.\nRudyard Kipling: born 1865\, Bombay\, British India (now Mumbai\,
  India).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Rudyard Kipling
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1907-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19071210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19071211
DESCRIPTION:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist\, nationalist\
 , revolutionary soldier and later a pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureat
 e. He adopted the motto In varietate unitas! which later inspired the mott
 o of the European Union.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1907\, announced Decembe
 r 10\, 1907.\nErnesto Teodoro Moneta (1/2)\, “for his work in the press 
 and in peace meetings\, both public and private\, for an understanding bet
 ween France and Italy”.\nLouis Renault (1/2)\, “for his decisive influ
 ence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences”.\
 nErnesto Teodoro Moneta: born 1833\, Milan\, Austrian Empire (now Italy).\
 nLouis Renault: born 1843\, Autun\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_(ju
 rist)\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Ernesto Teodoro Moneta and Louis Renault
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1907-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19071112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19071113
DESCRIPTION:Albert Abraham Michelson was an American experimental physicist
  known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the
  Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907\, he received the Nobel Prize in P
 hysics\, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. 
 He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of the Ca
 se School of Applied Science and the University of Chicago.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1907\, announced November 12\, 1907.\nAlbert A. Michelson\
 , “for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metro
 logical investigations carried out with their aid”.\nAlbert A. Michelson
 : born 1852\, Strelno\, Prussia (now Strzelno\, Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Albert A. Michelson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1907-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19071031
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19071101
DESCRIPTION:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran was a French physician who won t
 he Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907 for his discoveries of pa
 rasitic protozoans as causative agents of infectious diseases such as mala
 ria and trypanosomiasis. Following his father\, Louis Théodore Laveran\, 
 he took up military medicine as his profession. He obtained his medical de
 gree from University of Strasbourg in 1867.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolo
 gy or Medicine 1907\, announced October 31\, 1907.\nAlphonse Laveran\, “
 in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing disea
 ses”.\nAlphonse Laveran: born 1845\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation
  (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Alphonse Laveran
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1908-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19081110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19081111
DESCRIPTION:Ernest Rutherford\, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson\, was a New 
 Zealand physicist and chemist who was a pioneering researcher in both atom
 ic and nuclear physics. He has been described as "the father of nuclear ph
 ysics" and "the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday". In 1908\,
  he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations into 
 the disintegration of the elements\, and the chemistry of radioactive subs
 tances."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908\, announced November 10\, 19
 08.\nErnest Rutherford\, “for his investigations into the disintegration
  of the elements\, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”.\nErnest
  Rutherford: born 1871\, Nelson\, New Zealand.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Ernest_Rutherford\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Ernest Rutherford
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1908-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19081112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19081113
DESCRIPTION:Rudolf Christoph Eucken was a German philosopher. He received t
 he 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search fo
 r truth\, his penetrating power of thought\, his wide range of vision\, an
 d the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works
  he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"\, after
  he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Literature 1908\, announced November 12\, 1908.\nRudolf Eucken\, 
 “in recognition of his earnest search for truth\, his penetrating power 
 of thought\, his wide range of vision\, and the warmth and strength in pre
 sentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed
  an idealistic philosophy of life”.\nRudolf Eucken: born 1846\, Aurich\,
  East Friesland (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Chr
 istoph_Eucken\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Rudolf Eucken
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1908-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19081210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19081211
DESCRIPTION:Klas Pontus Arnoldson was a Swedish author\, journalist\, polit
 ician\, and committed pacifist who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1908 
 with Fredrik Bajer. He was a founding member of the Swedish Peace and Arbi
 tration Society and a Member of Parliament in the second Chamber of 1882
 –1887.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1908\, announced December 10\, 1908.\nKl
 as Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik Bajer\, “for their long time work for th
 e cause of peace as politicians\, peace society leaders\, orators and auth
 ors”.\nKlas Pontus Arnoldson: born 1844\, Gothenburg\, Sweden.\nFredrik 
 Bajer: born 1837\, Næstved\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl
 as_Pontus_Arnoldson\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik Bajer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1908-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19081110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19081111
DESCRIPTION:Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann was a French physicist who rec
 eived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908 for his invention of the Lippmann
  plate\, a method of photographically reproducing colours based on the int
 erference phenomenon.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1908\, announced Novem
 ber 10\, 1908.\nGabriel Lippmann\, “for his method of reproducing colour
 s photographically based on the phenomenon of interference”.\nGabriel Li
 ppmann: born 1845\, Hollerich\, Luxembourg.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Gabriel_Lippmann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Gabriel Lippmann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1908-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19081029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19081030
DESCRIPTION:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov\, gallicised and known in Western sources
  as Élie Metchnikoff\, was a zoologist from the Russian Empire of Moldavi
 an noble ancestry best known for his research in immunology and thanatolog
 y. He and Paul Ehrlich were jointly awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physio
 logy or Medicine "in recognition of their work on immunity".\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908\, announced October 29\, 1908.\nIlya 
 Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich\, “in recognition of their work on immunity
 ”.\nIlya Mechnikov: born 1845\, Kharkov\, Russian Empire (now Kharkiv\, 
 Ukraine).\nPaul Ehrlich: born 1854\, Strehlen\, Prussia (now Strzelin\, Po
 land).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Metchnikoff\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1909-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091110
DESCRIPTION:Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald was a Baltic German chemist and philo
 sopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of
  physical chemistry\, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff\, Walther Nernst a
 nd Svante Arrhenius.\nHe received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for
  his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis\, chemical equili
 bria and reaction velocities.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909\, annou
 nced November 9\, 1909.\nWilhelm Ostwald\, “in recognition of his work o
 n catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles gov
 erning chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”.\nWilhelm Ostwald: bor
 n 1853\, Riga\, Russian Empire (now Latvia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Wilhelm_Ostwald\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Wilhelm Ostwald
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1909-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091112
DESCRIPTION:Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was a Swedish writer. She publis
 hed her first novel\, Gösta Berling's Saga\, at the age of 33. She was th
 e first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature\, which she was awarded
  in 1909. In 1914\, she was the first woman to be granted a membership of 
 the Swedish Academy.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1909\, announced Nov
 ember 11\, 1909.\nSelma Lagerlöf\, “in appreciation of the lofty ideali
 sm\, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writ
 ings”.\nSelma Lagerlöf: born 1858\, Mårbacka\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Lagerlöf\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Selma Lagerlöf
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1909-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091211
DESCRIPTION:Auguste Marie François Beernaert was the prime minister of Bel
 gium from October 1884 to March 1894\, and the 1909 Nobel Peace Prize laur
 eate.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1909\, announced December 10\, 1909.\nAugus
 te Beernaert and Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant\, “for their prom
 inent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration”.
 \nAuguste Beernaert: born 1829\, Ostend\, Belgium.\nPaul Henri d'Estournel
 les de Constant: born 1852\, La Flèche\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Auguste_Marie_François_Beernaert\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Paul-Henri-Benjamin_d'Estournelles_de_Constant\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Auguste Beernaert and Paul Henri d'Estournelles de
  Constant
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1909-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091110
DESCRIPTION:Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi\, 1st Marquess of Marconi\, wa
 s an Italian electrical engineer\, inventor\, and politician known for his
  creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. This 
 led to his being largely credited as the inventor of radio and sharing the
  1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their
  contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics 1909\, announced November 9\, 1909.\nGuglielmo Marconi and 
 Ferdinand Braun\, “in recognition of their contributions to the developm
 ent of wireless telegraphy”.\nGuglielmo Marconi: born 1874\, Bologna\, I
 taly.\nFerdinand Braun: born 1850\, Fulda\, Hesse-Kassel (now Germany).\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Guglielmo Marconi and Ferdinand Braun
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1909-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091029
DESCRIPTION:Emil Theodor Kocher was a Swiss physician and medical researche
 r who received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work
  in the physiology\, pathology and surgery of the thyroid. Among his many 
 accomplishments are the introduction and promotion of aseptic surgery and 
 scientific methods in surgery\, specifically reducing the mortality of thy
 roidectomies below 1% in his operations.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology 
 or Medicine 1909\, announced October 28\, 1909.\nTheodor Kocher\, “for h
 is work on the physiology\, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”.
 \nTheodor Kocher: born 1841\, Bern\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Theodor Kocher
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1910-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101113
DESCRIPTION:Otto Wallach was a German chemist and recipient of the 1910 Nob
 el Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Chemistry 1910\, announced November 12\, 1910.\nOtto Wallach\, “i
 n recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical indust
 ry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”.\nOtto Walla
 ch: born 1847\, Koenigsberg\, Germany (now Kaliningrad\, Russia).\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wallach\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Otto Wallach
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1910-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101111
DESCRIPTION:Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse was a German writer and translator
 . A member of two important literary societies\, the Tunnel über der Spre
 e in Berlin and Die Krokodile in Munich\, he wrote novels\, poetry\, 177 s
 hort stories\, and about sixty dramas. The sum of Heyse's many and varied 
 productions made him a dominant figure among German men of letters. He was
  awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to the consummat
 e artistry\, permeated with idealism\, which he has demonstrated during hi
 s long productive career as a lyric poet\, dramatist\, novelist and writer
  of world-renowned short stories." Wirsen\, one of the Nobel judges\, said
  that "Germany has not had a greater literary genius since Goethe." Heyse 
 is the fifth oldest laureate in literature\, after Alice Munro\, Jaroslav 
 Seifert\, Theodor Mommsen and Doris Lessing.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literat
 ure 1910\, announced November 10\, 1910.\nPaul Heyse\, “as a tribute to 
 the consummate artistry\, permeated with idealism\, which he has demonstra
 ted during his long productive career as a lyric poet\, dramatist\, noveli
 st and writer of world-renowned short stories”.\nPaul Heyse: born 1830\,
  Berlin\, Prussia (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hey
 se\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Paul Heyse
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1910-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101211
DESCRIPTION:The International Peace Bureau\, founded in 1891\, is one of th
 e world's oldest international peace federations. The organisation was awa
 rded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910 for acting "as a link between the peace
  societies of the various countries". In 1913\, Henri La Fontaine was also
  awarded the Prize "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bure
 au". As of 2012\, eleven other Nobel Peace Prize laureates have been membe
 rs of the IPB.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1910\, announced December 10\, 191
 0.\nPermanent International Peace Bureau\, “for acting as a link between
  the peace societies of the various countries\, and helping them to organi
 ze the world rallies of the international peace movement”.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Permanent International Peace Bureau
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1910-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101106
DESCRIPTION:Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch theoretical physicis
 t who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910 "for his work on the equ
 ation of state for gases and liquids." Van der Waals started his career as
  a schoolteacher\, before becoming the first physics professor of the Univ
 ersity of Amsterdam when its status was upgraded to Municipal University i
 n 1877.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1910\, announced November 5\, 1910.\
 nJohannes Diderik van der Waals\, “for his work on the equation of state
  for gases and liquids”.\nJohannes Diderik van der Waals: born 1837\, Le
 iden\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_
 van_der_Waals\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Johannes Diderik van der Waals
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1910-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101021
DESCRIPTION:Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel was a German bioche
 mist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize 
 for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemica
 l composition of nucleic acids\, the genetic substance of biological cells
 .\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910\, announced October 20
 \, 1910.\nAlbrecht Kossel\, “in recognition of the contributions to our 
 knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins\, including 
 the nucleic substances”.\nAlbrecht Kossel: born 1853\, Rostock\, Mecklen
 burg (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Albrecht Kossel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1911-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19111107
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111108
DESCRIPTION:Maria Salomea Skłodowska Curie\, better known as Marie Curie\,
  was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist. She shared the
  1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband\, Pierre Curie\, "for their 
 joint researches on the radioactivity phenomena discovered by Professor He
 nri Becquerel". She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "[for] the disco
 very of the elements radium and polonium\, by the isolation of radium and 
 the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911\, announced November 7\, 1911.\nMarie Curie\
 , “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the
  discovery of the elements radium and polonium\, by the isolation of radiu
 m and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”.
 \nMarie Curie: born 1867\, Warsaw\, Russian Empire (now Poland).\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Marie Curie
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1911-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19111109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111110
DESCRIPTION:Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck\, also known as Coun
 t/Comte Maeterlinck from 1932\, was a Belgian playwright\, poet\, and essa
 yist who was Flemish but wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize i
 n Literature in 1911 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activitie
 s\, and especially of his dramatic works\, which are distinguished by a we
 alth of imagination and by a poetic fancy\, which reveals\, sometimes in t
 he guise of a fairy tale\, a deep inspiration\, while in a mysterious way 
 they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"
 . The main themes in his work are death and the meaning of life. He was a 
 leading member of the group La Jeune Belgique\, and his plays form an impo
 rtant part of the Symbolist movement. In later life\, Maeterlinck faced cr
 edible accusations of plagiarism.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1911\, 
 announced November 9\, 1911.\nMaurice Maeterlinck\, “in appreciation of 
 his many-sided literary activities\, and especially of his dramatic works\
 , which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy
 \, which reveals\, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale\, a deep inspira
 tion\, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings 
 and stimulate their imaginations”.\nMaurice Maeterlinck: born 1862\, Ghe
 nt\, Belgium.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Maurice Maeterlinck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1911-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19111210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111211
DESCRIPTION:Tobias Michael Carel Asser was a Dutch lawyer and legal scholar
 .\nIn 1911\, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the establishmen
 t of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the First Hague Peace Conferenc
 e in 1899 and for his achievements in establishing the Hague Conference on
  Private International Law (HCCH).\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1911\, announc
 ed December 10\, 1911.\nTobias Asser (1/2)\, “for his role as co-founder
  of the Institut de droit international\, initiator of the Conferences on 
 International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at 
 the Hague\, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations”.\
 nAlfred Fried (1/2)\, “for his effort to expose and fight what he consid
 ers to be the main cause of war\, namely\, the anarchy in international re
 lations”.\nTobias Asser: born 1838\, Amsterdam\, the Netherlands.\nAlfre
 d Fried: born 1864\, Vienna\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To
 bias_Asser\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Tobias Asser and Alfred Fried
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1911-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19111107
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111108
DESCRIPTION:Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien was a German physicis
 t who used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displ
 acement law\, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperat
 ure from the emission at any one reference temperature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Physics 1911\, announced November 7\, 1911.\nWilhelm Wien\, “for his
  discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”.\nWilhe
 lm Wien: born 1864\, Gaffken\, Prussia (now Parusnoye\, Russia).\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Wilhelm Wien
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1911-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19111019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111020
DESCRIPTION:Allvar Gullstrand was a Swedish ophthalmologist and optician.\n
 \nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911\, announced October 19\, 
 1911.\nAllvar Gullstrand\, “for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”.
 \nAllvar Gullstrand: born 1862\, Landskrona\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Allvar Gullstrand
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1912-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19121112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19121113
DESCRIPTION:François Auguste Victor Grignard was a French chemist who won 
 the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the eponymously named Grignard reagen
 t and Grignard reaction\, both of which are important in the formation of 
 carbon–carbon bonds. He also wrote some of his experiments in his labora
 tory notebooks.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912\, announced November 
 12\, 1912.\nVictor Grignard (1/2)\, “for the discovery of the so-called 
 Grignard reagent\, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress
  of organic chemistry”.\nPaul Sabatier (1/2)\, “for his method of hydr
 ogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals
  whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in re
 cent years”.\nVictor Grignard: born 1871\, Cherbourg\, France.\nPaul Sab
 atier: born 1854\, Carcassonne\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Victor_Grignard\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Victor Grignard and Paul Sabatier
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1912-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19121114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19121115
DESCRIPTION:Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann was a German dramatist and nove
 list. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary natural
 ism\, though he integrated other styles into his work as well. He received
  the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1
 912\, announced November 14\, 1912.\nGerhart Hauptmann\, “primarily in r
 ecognition of his fruitful\, varied and outstanding production in the real
 m of dramatic art”.\nGerhart Hauptmann: born 1862\, Bad Salzbrunn\, Prus
 sia (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Gerhart Hauptmann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1912-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131211
DESCRIPTION:Elihu Root was an American lawyer\, Republican politician\, and
  statesman who served as the 41st United States Secretary of War under pre
 sidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the 38th United States
  Secretary of State\, also under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a
  long legal career\, he pioneered the American practice of international l
 aw. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th-century politic
 al "wise man"\, advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic iss
 ues. He also served as a United States Senator from New York and received 
 the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1912\, announced Dece
 mber 10\, 1913.\nElihu Root\, “for bringing about better understanding b
 etween the countries of North and South America and initiating important a
 rbitration agreements between the United States and other countries”.\nE
 lihu Root: born 1845\, Clinton\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Elihu_Root\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Elihu Root
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1912-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19121112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19121113
DESCRIPTION:Nils Gustaf Dalén was a Swedish engineer and inventor who rece
 ived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1912 "for his invention of automatic re
 gulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lig
 hthouses and buoys."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1912\, announced Novemb
 er 12\, 1912.\nGustaf Dalén\, “for his invention of automatic regulator
 s for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouse
 s and buoys”.\nGustaf Dalén: born 1869\, Stenstorp\, Sweden.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Dalén\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Gustaf Dalén
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1912-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19121010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19121011
DESCRIPTION:Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon and biologist who spent most
  of his scientific career in the United States. He was awarded the Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing te
 chniques. He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles Lindbergh open
 ing the way to organ transplantation. In later time however\, it was ackno
 wledged that Carrel and Lindbergh's version of the perfusion pump\, which 
 initially had media prominence\, was impractical and difficult to use\, an
 d would lose influence by the 1940s. Carrel was also a pioneer in tissue c
 ulture\, transplantology and thoracic surgery. He is known for his leading
  role in implementing eugenic policies in Vichy France.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Physiology or Medicine 1912\, announced October 10\, 1912.\nAlexis Car
 rel\, “in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplanta
 tion of blood vessels and organs”.\nAlexis Carrel: born 1873\, Sainte-Fo
 y-lès-Lyon\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Alexis Carrel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1913-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131112
DESCRIPTION:Alfred Werner was a Swiss chemist who was a student at ETH Zuri
 ch and a professor at the University of Zurich. He won the Nobel Prize in 
 Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of transition
  metal complexes. Werner developed the basis for modern coordination chemi
 stry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel Prize\, and the 
 only one prior to 1973.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913\, announced N
 ovember 11\, 1913.\nAlfred Werner\, “in recognition of his work on the l
 inkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier i
 nvestigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic
  chemistry”.\nAlfred Werner: born 1866\, Mulhouse\, France.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Werner\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Alfred Werner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1913-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131114
DESCRIPTION:Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet\, author\, playwright\, 
 musician\, composer\, philosopher\, social reformer\, painter\, and one of
  the foremost figures of the Bengal Renaissance. In 1913\, Tagore became t
 he first Indian and non-European to win a Nobel Prize in any category\, an
 d also the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. A signific
 ant moulder of culture within Bengal and the Indian subcontinent\, he wrot
 e and composed the national anthems of India and Bangladesh.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Literature 1913\, announced November 13\, 1913.\nRabindranath Tag
 ore\, “because of his profoundly sensitive\, fresh and beautiful verse\,
  by which\, with consummate skill\, he has made his poetic thought\, expre
 ssed in his own English words\, a part of the literature of the West”.\n
 Rabindranath Tagore: born 1861\, Calcutta\, India.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Rabindranath Tagore
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1913-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131211
DESCRIPTION:Henri La Fontaine\, was a Belgian international lawyer and pres
 ident of the International Peace Bureau. He received the Nobel Peace Prize
  in 1913 because "he was the effective leader of the peace movement in Eur
 ope."\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1913\, announced December 10\, 1913.\nHenri
  La Fontaine\, “for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of
  peaceful internationalism”.\nHenri La Fontaine: born 1854\, Brussels\, 
 Belgium.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Henri La Fontaine
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1913-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131112
DESCRIPTION:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch experimental physicist who b
 ecame the first to liquefy helium\, cooling it to near 1.5 kelvin (K). For
  this work\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913.\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Physics 1913\, announced November 11\, 1913.\nHeike Kamerlingh
  Onnes\, “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temp
 eratures which led\, inter alia\, to the production of liquid helium”.\n
 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: born 1853\, Groningen\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1913-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19131031
DESCRIPTION:Charles Robert Richet was a French physiologist at the Collège
  de France and immunology pioneer. In 1913\, he won the Nobel Prize in Phy
 siology or Medicine "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis". Richet de
 voted many years to the study of paranormal and spiritualist phenomena\, c
 oining the term "ectoplasm". He believed in the inferiority of black peopl
 e\, was a proponent of eugenics\, and presided over the French Eugenics So
 ciety towards the end of his life. The Richet line of professorships of me
 dical science continued through his son Charles and his grandson Gabriel. 
 Gabriel Richet was also one of the pioneers of European nephrology.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913\, announced October 30\, 1913.
 \nCharles Richet\, “in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”.\nCharl
 es Richet: born 1850\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch
 arles_Richet\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Charles Richet
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1914-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19151111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19151112
DESCRIPTION:Theodore William Richards was an American physical chemist and 
 the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry\, ear
 ning the award "in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic w
 eights of a large number of the chemical elements."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Chemistry 1914\, announced November 11\, 1915.\nTheodore W. Richards\, “
 in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a la
 rge number of chemical elements”.\nTheodore W. Richards: born 1868\, Ger
 mantown\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_William_Rich
 ards\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Theodore W. Richards
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1914-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19151111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19151112
DESCRIPTION:Max Theodor Felix von Laue was a German physicist who received 
 the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 "for his discovery of the diffraction o
 f X-rays by crystals."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1914\, announced Nove
 mber 11\, 1915.\nMax von Laue\, “for his discovery of the diffraction of
  X-rays by crystals”.\nMax von Laue: born 1879\, Pfaffendorf\, Germany.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Max von Laue
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1914-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19151029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19151030
DESCRIPTION:Robert Bárány was an Austrian-born otologist. He received the
  1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the physiology
  and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolo
 gy or Medicine 1914\, announced October 29\, 1915.\nRobert Bárány\, “f
 or his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”
 .\nRobert Bárány: born 1876\, Vienna\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Róbert_Bárány\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Robert Bárány
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1915-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19151111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19151112
DESCRIPTION:Richard Martin Willstätter FRS(For) HFRSE was a German organic
  chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments\, chlorophyll incl
 uded\, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in C
 hemistry 1915\, announced November 11\, 1915.\nRichard Willstätter\, “f
 or his researches on plant pigments\, especially chlorophyll”.\nRichard 
 Willstätter: born 1872\, Karlsruhe\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Richard_Willstätter\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Richard Willstätter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1915-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19161109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19161110
DESCRIPTION:Romain Rolland was a French dramatist\, novelist\, essayist\, a
 rt historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 
 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to
  the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different type
 s of human beings".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1915\, announced Nove
 mber 9\, 1916.\nRomain Rolland\, “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of 
 his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which h
 e has described different types of human beings”.\nRomain Rolland: born 
 1866\, Clamecy\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Romain Rolland
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1915-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19151112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19151113
DESCRIPTION:Sir William Henry Bragg was a British X-ray crystallographer wh
 o uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 N
 obel Prize in Physics "for their services in the analysis of crystal struc
 ture by means of X-rays\," an important step in the development of X-ray c
 rystallography.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1915\, announced November 12
 \, 1915.\nWilliam Bragg and Lawrence Bragg\, “for their services in the 
 analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”.\nWilliam Bragg: born 
 1862\, Wigton\, United Kingdom.\nLawrence Bragg: born 1890\, Adelaide\, Au
 stralia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1916-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19161109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19161110
DESCRIPTION:Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam was a Swedish poet\, novelist
  and laureate of the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature. He was a member of th
 e Swedish Academy from 1912. His poems and prose work are filled with a gr
 eat joy of life\, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scen
 ery\, particularly its physical aspects.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 
 1916\, announced November 9\, 1916.\nVerner von Heidenstam\, “in recogni
 tion of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our
  literature”.\nVerner von Heidenstam: born 1859\, Olshammar\, Sweden.\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Verner von Heidenstam
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1917-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19171108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19171109
DESCRIPTION:Karl Adolph Gjellerup was a Danish poet and novelist who togeth
 er with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in Literatur
 e in 1917. He is associated with the Modern Breakthrough period of Scandin
 avian literature. He occasionally used the pseudonym Epigonos.\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Literature 1917\, announced November 8\, 1917.\nKarl Gjellerup 
 (1/2)\, “for his varied and rich poetry\, which is inspired by lofty ide
 als”.\nHenrik Pontoppidan (1/2)\, “for his authentic descriptions of p
 resent-day life in Denmark”.\nKarl Gjellerup: born 1857\, Roholte\, Denm
 ark.\nHenrik Pontoppidan: born 1857\, Fredericia\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He
 nrik_Pontoppidan\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Karl Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1917-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19171210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19171211
DESCRIPTION:The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humani
 tarian aid organization based in Geneva\, Switzerland\, and is a three-tim
 e Nobel Prize laureate. The organization has played an instrumental role i
 n the development of rules of war and promoting humanitarian norms. An int
 ernational non-governmental organization\, it has responsibility for promo
 ting and ensuring respect for the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Pro
 tection of War Victims: the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded
  and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field\; the Convention for the Ameliorati
 on of the Condition of the Wounded\, Sick\, and Shipwrecked Members of Arm
 ed Forces at Sea\; The Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners o
 f War\; and the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons 
 in Time of War.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1917\, announced December 10\, 19
 17.\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\, “for the efforts to take
  care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families”.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Committee of the Red Cross
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1917-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19181112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19181113
DESCRIPTION:Charles Glover Barkla was a British physicist who received the 
 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917 for his discovery of characteristic X-rays.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1917\, announced November 12\, 1918.\nCharl
 es Glover Barkla\, “for his discovery of the characteristic R&ouml\;ntge
 n radiation of the elements”.\nCharles Glover Barkla: born 1877\, Widnes
 \, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Charles Glover Barkla
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1918-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19191113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19191114
DESCRIPTION:Fritz Jakob Haber was a German chemist who received the Nobel P
 rize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber process\, a metho
 d used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen ga
 s. This invention is important for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizer
 s and explosives. It is estimated that a third of annual global food produ
 ction uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process\, and that this food sup
 ports nearly half the world's population. For this work\, Haber has been c
 alled one of the most important scientists and industrial chemists in huma
 n history. Haber also\, along with Max Born\, proposed the Born–Haber cy
 cle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918\, announced November 13\, 1919.\nFritz Hab
 er\, “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”.\nFritz Haber: b
 orn 1868\, Breslau\, Prussia (now Wroclaw\, Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Fritz Haber
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1918-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19191113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19191114
DESCRIPTION:Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was a German theoretical physicist
 . Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics\, primarily in his
  role as the originator of quantum theory and one of the founders of moder
 n physics\, which revolutionized understanding of atomic and subatomic pro
 cesses. He is known for the Planck constant\, \, which is of foundational 
 importance for quantum physics\, and which he used to derive a set of unit
 s\, now called Planck units\, expressed in terms of physical constants. Th
 e Planck relation\, E= ν\, states that the energy of a photon is proporti
 onal to its frequency.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1918\, announced Nove
 mber 13\, 1919.\nMax Planck\, “in recognition of the services he rendere
 d to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”.\nMax
  Planck: born 1858\, Kiel\, Schleswig (now Germany).\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Max_Planck\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Max Planck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1919-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201112
DESCRIPTION:Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler was a Swiss poet who was awarded
  the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919 "in special appreciation of his ep
 ic Olympian Spring". His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1919\, announced November 11\, 1920.\nCar
 l Spitteler\, “in special appreciation of his epic\, <I>Olympian Spring<
 /I>”.\nCarl Spitteler: born 1845\, Liestal\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitteler\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Carl Spitteler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1919-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201211
DESCRIPTION:Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United Stat
 es\, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only Democrat to serve as presi
 dent during the Progressive Era\, when Republicans dominated the presidenc
 y and legislative branches. As president\, Wilson made significant economi
 c reforms and led the United States through World War I. He was the leadin
 g architect of the League of Nations\, and his stance on foreign policy ca
 me to be known as Wilsonian idealism.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1919\, anno
 unced December 10\, 1920.\nWoodrow Wilson\, “for his role as founder of 
 the League of Nations”.\nWoodrow Wilson: born 1856\, Staunton\, VA\, USA
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Woodrow Wilson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1919-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19191113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19191114
DESCRIPTION:Johannes Stark was a German physicist who received the Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics in 1919 for his discovery of the Stark effect.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physics 1919\, announced November 13\, 1919.\nJohannes Stark\, 
 “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting
  of spectral lines in electric fields”.\nJohannes Stark: born 1874\, Sch
 ickenhof\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stark\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Johannes Stark
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1919-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201029
DESCRIPTION:Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet was a Belgian immunologist a
 nd microbiologist. The bacterial genus Bordetella is named after him. The 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to him in 1919 for his d
 iscoveries relating to immunity.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medic
 ine 1919\, announced October 28\, 1920.\nJules Bordet\, “for his discove
 ries relating to immunity”.\nJules Bordet: born 1870\, Soignies\, Belgiu
 m.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bordet\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Jules Bordet
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1920-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19211110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19211111
DESCRIPTION:Walther Hermann Nernst was a German physical chemist known for 
 his work in thermodynamics\, physical chemistry\, electrochemistry\, and s
 olid-state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave
  the way for the third law of thermodynamics\, for which he won the 1920 N
 obel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for developing the Nernst equati
 on in 1887.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920\, announced November 10\,
  1921.\nWalther Nernst\, “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry
 ”.\nWalther Nernst: born 1864\, Briesen\, Prussia (now Wąbrzeźno\, Pol
 and).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Nernst\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Walther Nernst
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1920-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201112
DESCRIPTION:Knut Hamsun was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the 1920 Nob
 el Prize in Literature for his novel Growth of the Soil. Hamsun's work spa
 ns more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to consciousness\, s
 ubject\, perspective and environment. He published more than 23 novels\, a
  collection of poetry\, some short stories and plays\, a travelogue\, work
 s of non-fiction and some essays.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1920\, 
 announced November 11\, 1920.\nKnut Hamsun\, “for his monumental work\, 
 <I>Growth of the Soil</I>”.\nKnut Hamsun: born 1859\, Lom\, Norway.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Knut Hamsun
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1920-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201211
DESCRIPTION:Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois was a French statesman. His idea
 s influenced the Radical Party regarding a wide range of issues.\n\nThe No
 bel Peace Prize 1920\, announced December 10\, 1920.\nLéon Bourgeois\, 
 “for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and
  his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations”.\nLé
 on Bourgeois: born 1851\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Léon_Bourgeois\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Léon Bourgeois
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1920-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201112
DESCRIPTION:Charles-Édouard Guillaume was a Swiss physicist who received t
 he Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 "for the service he had rendered to prec
 ision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel stee
 l alloys." In 1919\, he gave the fifth Guthrie Lecture at the Institute of
  Physics in London with the title "The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels."\n\nT
 he Nobel Prize in Physics 1920\, announced November 11\, 1920.\nCharles Ed
 ouard Guillaume\, “in recognition of the service he has rendered to prec
 ision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel stee
 l alloys”.\nCharles Edouard Guillaume: born 1861\, Fleurier\, Switzerlan
 d.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Édouard_Guillaume\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Charles Edouard Guillaume
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1920-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19201028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19201029
DESCRIPTION:Schack August Steenberg Krogh was a Danish professor at the dep
 artment of zoophysiology at the University of Copenhagen from 1916 to 1945
 . He contributed a number of fundamental discoveries within several fields
  of physiology\, and is famous for developing Krogh's principle.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920\, announced October 28\, 1920.\nA
 ugust Krogh\, “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mecha
 nism”.\nAugust Krogh: born 1874\, Grenå\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/August_Krogh\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · August Krogh
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1921-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221110
DESCRIPTION:Frederick Soddy FRS was an English radiochemist who explained\,
  with Ernest Rutherford\, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation o
 f elements\, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the ex
 istence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. In 1921\, he received
  the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of t
 he chemistry of radioactive substances\, and his investigations into the o
 rigin and nature of isotopes". Soddy was a polymath who mastered chemistry
 \, nuclear physics\, statistical mechanics\, finance\, and economics.\n\nT
 he Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921\, announced November 9\, 1922.\nFrederick
  Soddy\, “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of rad
 ioactive substances\, and his investigations into the origin and nature of
  isotopes”.\nFrederick Soddy: born 1877\, Eastbourne\, United Kingdom.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Frederick Soddy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1921-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19211110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19211111
DESCRIPTION:Anatole France was a French poet\, journalist\, and novelist. S
 everal of his books were best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical\, he was consi
 dered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the A
 cadémie Française\, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recog
 nition of his brilliant literary achievements\, characterized as they are 
 by a nobility of style\, a profound human sympathy\, grace\, and a true Ga
 llic temperament".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1921\, announced Novem
 ber 10\, 1921.\nAnatole France\, “in recognition of his brilliant litera
 ry achievements\, characterized as they are by a nobility of style\, a pro
 found human sympathy\, grace\, and a true Gallic temperament”.\nAnatole 
 France: born 1844\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anato
 le_France\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Anatole France
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1921-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19211210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19211211
DESCRIPTION:Karl Hjalmar Branting was a Swedish statesman and diplomat who 
 served as Prime Minister of Sweden on three occasions from 1920 to 1925. F
 rom 1907 until his death in 1925\, Branting led the Social Democratic Part
 y (SAP)\, playing a major role in advocating universal suffrage\, an eight
 -hour workday\, and other labor rights. He was also instrumental in foreig
 n policy\, including his support for the League of Nations. In 1921\, Bran
 ting shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the Norwegian secretary-general of 
 the Inter-Parliamentary Union\, Christian Lous Lange.\n\nThe Nobel Peace P
 rize 1921\, announced December 10\, 1921.\nHjalmar Branting and Christian 
 Lange\, “for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and orga
 nized internationalism”.\nHjalmar Branting: born 1860\, Stockholm\, Swed
 en.\nChristian Lange: born 1869\, Stavanger\, Norway.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lou
 s_Lange\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Hjalmar Branting and Christian Lange
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1921-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221110
DESCRIPTION:Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist best kn
 own for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important 
 contributions to quantum theory. His mass–energy equivalence formula E =
  mc2\, which arises from special relativity\, has been called "the world's
  most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "h
 is services to theoretical physics\, and especially for his discovery of t
 he law of the photoelectric effect".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1921\, 
 announced November 9\, 1922.\nAlbert Einstein\, “for his services to The
 oretical Physics\, and especially for his discovery of the law of the phot
 oelectric effect”.\nAlbert Einstein: born 1879\, Ulm\, Germany.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Albert Einstein
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1922-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221110
DESCRIPTION:Francis William Aston FRS was a British chemist and physicist w
 ho won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery\, by means of h
 is mass spectrograph\, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and fo
 r his enunciation of the whole number rule. He was a fellow of the Royal S
 ociety and Fellow of Trinity College\, Cambridge.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Ch
 emistry 1922\, announced November 9\, 1922.\nFrancis W. Aston\, “for his
  discovery\, by means of his mass spectrograph\, of isotopes\, in a large 
 number of non-radioactive elements\, and for his enunciation of the whole-
 number rule”.\nFrancis W. Aston: born 1877\, Harborne\, United Kingdom.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_William_Aston\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Francis W. Aston
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1922-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221110
DESCRIPTION:Jacinto Benavente y Martínez was one of the foremost Spanish d
 ramatists of the 20th century. He was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Lite
 rature "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious tra
 ditions of the Spanish drama".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1922\, ann
 ounced November 9\, 1922.\nJacinto Benavente\, “for the happy manner in 
 which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”.
 \nJacinto Benavente: born 1866\, Madrid\, Spain.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Jacinto Benavente
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1922-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221211
DESCRIPTION:Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen was a Norwegian polymath and No
 bel Peace Prize laureate. He gained prominence at various points in his li
 fe as an explorer\, a scientist\, a diplomat\, a humanitarian\, and the co
 -founder of the Fatherland League.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1922\, announc
 ed December 10\, 1922.\nFridtjof Nansen\, “for his leading role in the r
 epatriation of prisoners of war\, in international relief work and as the 
 League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees”.\nFridtjof Nansen: bo
 rn 1861\, Kristiania (now Oslo)\, Norway.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Fridtjof_Nansen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Fridtjof Nansen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1922-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221110
DESCRIPTION:Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish theoretical physicist who 
 made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quan
 tum theory\, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. He 
 was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physics 1922\, announced November 9\, 1922.\nNiels Bohr\, “for
  his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the ra
 diation emanating from them”.\nNiels Bohr: born 1885\, Copenhagen\, Denm
 ark.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Niels Bohr
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1922-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221026
DESCRIPTION:Archibald Vivian Hill\, better known to friends and colleagues 
 as A. V. Hill\, was a British physiologist\, one of the founders of the di
 verse disciplines of biophysics and operations research. He shared the 192
 2 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his elucidation of the product
 ion of heat and mechanical work in muscles.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolo
 gy or Medicine 1922\, announced October 25\, 1922.\nArchibald V. Hill (1/2
 )\, “for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
 ”.\nOtto Meyerhof (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the fixed relationship
  between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in th
 e muscle”.\nArchibald V. Hill: born 1886\, Bristol\, United Kingdom.\nOt
 to Meyerhof: born 1884\, Hanover\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Archibald_Hill\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Archibald V. Hill and Otto Meyerhof
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1923-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19231113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19231114
DESCRIPTION:Fritz Pregl\, was a Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician fr
 om a mixed Slovene-German-speaking background. He won the Nobel Prize in C
 hemistry in 1923 for making important contributions to quantitative organi
 c microanalysis\, one of which was the improvement of the combustion train
  technique for elemental analysis.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923\, 
 announced November 13\, 1923.\nFritz Pregl\, “for his invention of the m
 ethod of micro-analysis of organic substances”.\nFritz Pregl: born 1869\
 , Laibach\, Austria-Hungary (now Ljubljana\, Slovenia).\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Pregl\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Fritz Pregl
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1923-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19231114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19231115
DESCRIPTION:William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet\, dramatist\, writer and
  literary critic who was one of the foremost figures of 20th-century liter
 ature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and\, alon
 g with John Millington Synge and Lady Gregory\, founded the Abbey Theatre\
 , serving as its chief during its early years. He was awarded the 1923 Nob
 el Prize in Literature and later served two terms as a Senator of the Iris
 h Free State.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1923\, announced November 1
 4\, 1923.\nWilliam Butler Yeats\, “for his always inspired poetry\, whic
 h in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nati
 on”.\nWilliam Butler Yeats: born 1865\, Dublin\, Ireland.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · William Butler Yeats
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1923-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19231113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19231114
DESCRIPTION:Robert Andrews Millikan was an American experimental physicist 
 who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 "for his work on the eleme
 ntary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect."\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physics 1923\, announced November 13\, 1923.\nRobert A. Millikan
 \, “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the phot
 oelectric effect”.\nRobert A. Millikan: born 1868\, Morrison\, IL\, USA.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Robert A. Millikan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1923-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19231025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19231026
DESCRIPTION:Sir Frederick Grant Banting was a Canadian pharmacologist\, ort
 hopedist\, and field surgeon. For his co-discovery of insulin and its ther
 apeutic potential\, Banting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or M
 edicine with John Macleod.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19
 23\, announced October 25\, 1923.\nFrederick G. Banting and John Macleod\,
  “for the discovery of insulin”.\nFrederick G. Banting: born 1891\, Al
 liston\, Canada.\nJohn Macleod: born 1876\, Cluny\, Scotland.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Banting\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John
 _James_Rickard_Macleod\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1924-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19241113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19241114
DESCRIPTION:Władysław Stanisław Reymont was a Polish novelist and the la
 ureate of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the a
 ward-winning four-volume novel Chłopi.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1
 924\, announced November 13\, 1924.\nWładysław Reymont\, “for his grea
 t national epic\, <I>The Peasants</I>”.\nWładysław Reymont: born 1867\
 , Kobiele Wielkie\, Russian Empire (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Władysław_Reymont\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Władysław Reymont
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1924-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19251112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19251113
DESCRIPTION:Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn was a Swedish physicist who received 
 the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in th
 e field of X-ray spectroscopy."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1924\, annou
 nced November 12\, 1925.\nManne Siegbahn\, “for his discoveries and rese
 arch in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”.\nManne Siegbahn: born 1886\, 
 Örebro\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Manne Siegbahn
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1924-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19241023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19241024
DESCRIPTION:Willem Einthoven was a Dutch medical doctor and physiologist. H
 e invented the first practical electrocardiograph in 1895 and received the
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1924 for it.\n\nThe Nobel Prize 
 in Physiology or Medicine 1924\, announced October 23\, 1924.\nWillem Eint
 hoven\, “for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”.
 \nWillem Einthoven: born 1860\, Semarang\, Java\, Dutch East Indies (now I
 ndonesia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Einthoven\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Willem Einthoven
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1925-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261112
DESCRIPTION:Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was an Austrian-born chemist. He was kn
 own for his research in colloids\, for which he was awarded the Nobel Priz
 e in Chemistry in 1925\, as well as for co-inventing the slit-ultramicrosc
 ope\, and different membrane filters. The crater Zsigmondy on the Moon is 
 named in his honour.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925\, announced Nove
 mber 11\, 1926.\nRichard Zsigmondy\, “for his demonstration of the heter
 ogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used\, which ha
 ve since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”.\nRichard Zsigm
 ondy: born 1865\, Vienna\, Austrian Empire (now Austria).\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Richard Zsigmondy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1925-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261112
DESCRIPTION:George Bernard Shaw was an Irish playwright\, critic\, polemici
 st and political activist. His influence on Western theatre\, culture and 
 politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. He wrote more th
 an sixty plays\, including major works such as Man and Superman (1902)\, P
 ygmalion (1913) and Saint Joan (1923). With a range incorporating both con
 temporary satire and historical allegory\, Shaw became the leading dramati
 st of his generation\, and was awarded the 1925 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1925\, announced November 11\, 1926.\nGe
 orge Bernard Shaw\, “for his work which is marked by both idealism and h
 umanity\, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poeti
 c beauty”.\nGeorge Bernard Shaw: born 1856\, Dublin\, Ireland.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · George Bernard Shaw
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1925-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261211
DESCRIPTION:Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain was a British statesman\, Nobel P
 eace Prize winner\, son of Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Pr
 ime Minister Neville Chamberlain. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP)
  for 45 years\, as Chancellor of the Exchequer (twice) and was briefly Con
 servative Party leader before serving as Foreign Secretary.\n\nThe Nobel P
 eace Prize 1925\, announced December 10\, 1926.\nSir Austen Chamberlain (1
 /2)\, “for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”.\nCh
 arles G. Dawes (1/2)\, “for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes
  Plan”.\nSir Austen Chamberlain: born 1863\, Birmingham\, United Kingdom
 .\nCharles G. Dawes: born 1865\, Marietta\, OH\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._
 Dawes\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Sir Austen Chamberlain and Charles G. Dawes
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1925-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261112
DESCRIPTION:James Franck was a German–American physicist who shared the 1
 925 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gustav Hertz "for their discovery of the l
 aws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom."\n\nThe Nobel Prize 
 in Physics 1925\, announced November 11\, 1926.\nJames Franck and Gustav H
 ertz\, “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an elect
 ron upon an atom”.\nJames Franck: born 1882\, Hamburg\, Germany.\nGustav
  Hertz: born 1887\, Hamburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja
 mes_Franck\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · James Franck and Gustav Hertz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1926-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261112
DESCRIPTION:Theodor Svedberg was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate for h
 is research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge. Svedberg w
 as active at Uppsala University from the mid-1900s to late 1940s. While at
  Uppsala\, Svedberg started as a docent before becoming the university's p
 hysical chemistry head in 1912. After leaving Uppsala in 1949\, Svedberg w
 as in charge of the Gustaf Werner Institute until 1967. Apart from his 192
 6 Nobel Prize\, Svedberg was named a Foreign Member of the Royal Society i
 n 1944 and became part of the National Academy of Sciences in 1945.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926\, announced November 11\, 1926.\nThe Svedbe
 rg\, “for his work on disperse systems”.\nThe Svedberg: born 1884\, Fl
 eräng\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · The Svedberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1926-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19271110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19271111
DESCRIPTION:Grazia Maria Cosima Damiana Deledda was an Italian writer who r
 eceived the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926 "for her idealistically ins
 pired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native i
 sland [i.e. Sardinia] and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems
  in general". She was the first Italian woman to receive the prize\, and o
 nly the second woman in general after Selma Lagerlöf was awarded hers in 
 1909.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1926\, announced November 10\, 1927
 .\nGrazia Deledda\, “for her idealistically inspired writings which with
  plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and 
 sympathy deal with human problems in general”.\nGrazia Deledda: born 187
 1\, Nuoro\, Sardinia\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazia_Dele
 dda\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Grazia Deledda
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1926-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261211
DESCRIPTION:Aristide Pierre Henri Briand was a French statesman who served 
 eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic.
  He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconci
 liation politics during the interwar period (1918–1939).\n\nThe Nobel Pe
 ace Prize 1926\, announced December 10\, 1926.\nAristide Briand and Gustav
  Stresemann\, “for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Trea
 ty”.\nAristide Briand: born 1862\, Nantes\, France.\nGustav Stresemann: 
 born 1878\, Berlin\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Br
 iand\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1926-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19261112
DESCRIPTION:Jean Baptiste Perrin was a French physicist who\, in his studie
 s of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids\, verifi
 ed Albert Einstein's explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed 
 the atomic nature of matter. For this work\, he was awarded the Nobel Priz
 e in Physics in 1926.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1926\, announced Novem
 ber 11\, 1926.\nJean Baptiste Perrin\, “for his work on the discontinuou
 s structure of matter\, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation 
 equilibrium”.\nJean Baptiste Perrin: born 1870\, Lille\, France.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Jean Baptiste Perrin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1926-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19271027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19271028
DESCRIPTION:Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger was a Danish physician and profes
 sor of anatomical pathology at the University of Copenhagen. He was the re
 cipient of the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discove
 ry of the Spiroptera carcinoma". He claimed to have shown that the roundwo
 rm which he called Spiroptera carcinoma could cause stomach cancer in rats
  and mice. His experimental results were later proven to be a case of mist
 aken conclusion.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926\, annou
 nced October 27\, 1927.\nJohannes Fibiger\, “for his discovery of the Sp
 iroptera carcinoma”.\nJohannes Fibiger: born 1867\, Silkeborg\, Denmark.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Johannes Fibiger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1927-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19281113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19281114
DESCRIPTION:Heinrich Otto Wieland was a German chemist. He won the 1927 Nob
 el Prize in Chemistry for his research into the bile acids.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Chemistry 1927\, announced November 13\, 1928.\nHeinrich Wieland\,
  “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and relat
 ed substances”.\nHeinrich Wieland: born 1877\, Pforzheim\, Germany.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Heinrich Wieland
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1927-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19281113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19281114
DESCRIPTION:Henri-Louis Bergson was a French philosopher who was influentia
 l in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy\, es
 pecially during the first half of the 20th century until the Second World 
 War\, but also after 1966 when Gilles Deleuze published Le Bergsonisme.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1927\, announced November 13\, 1928.\nHenri
  Bergson\, “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the bril
 liant skill with which they have been presented”.\nHenri Bergson: born 1
 859\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Henri Bergson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1927-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19271210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19271211
DESCRIPTION:Ferdinand Édouard Buisson was a French educational public serv
 ant\, pacifist\, and Radical-Socialist politician. He presided over the Le
 ague of Education from 1902 to 1906 and over the Human Rights League (LDH)
  from 1914 to 1926. In 1927\, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him joi
 ntly with Ludwig Quidde. A philosopher and educator\, he was Director of P
 rimary Education. He was the author of a thesis on Sebastian Castellio\, i
 n whom he saw a "liberal Protestant" in his image. Ferdinand Buisson was t
 he president of the National Association of Freethinkers. In 1905\, he cha
 ired the parliamentary committee to implement the separation of church and
  state. Famous for his fight for secular education through the League of E
 ducation\, he coined the term laïcité ("secularism").\n\nThe Nobel Peace
  Prize 1927\, announced December 10\, 1927.\nFerdinand Buisson and Ludwig 
 Quidde\, “for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany 
 of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation”.\n
 Ferdinand Buisson: born 1841\, Paris\, France.\nLudwig Quidde: born 1858\,
  Bremen\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Ferdinand Buisson and Ludwig Quidde
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1927-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19271110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19271111
DESCRIPTION:Arthur Holly Compton was an American physicist who shared the 1
 927 Nobel Prize in Physics with C. T. R. Wilson for his discovery of the C
 ompton effect\, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic 
 radiation. It was a significant discovery at the time\; the wave nature of
  light had been well-demonstrated\, but the idea that light had both wave 
 and particle properties was not easily accepted.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phy
 sics 1927\, announced November 10\, 1927.\nArthur H. Compton (1/2)\, “fo
 r his discovery of the effect named after him”.\nC.T.R. Wilson (1/2)\, 
 “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles vi
 sible by condensation of vapour”.\nArthur H. Compton: born 1892\, Wooste
 r\, OH\, USA.\nC.T.R. Wilson: born 1869\, Glencorse\, Scotland.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charl
 es_Thomson_Rees_Wilson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Arthur H. Compton and C.T.R. Wilson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1927-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19271027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19271028
DESCRIPTION:Julius Wagner-Jauregg was an Austrian physician who won the Nob
 el Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1927\, and is the first psychiatrist
  to have done so. His Nobel award was "for his discovery of the therapeuti
 c value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica".\n
 \nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927\, announced October 27\, 
 1927.\nJulius Wagner-Jauregg\, “for his discovery of the therapeutic val
 ue of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”.\nJul
 ius Wagner-Jauregg: born 1857\, Wels\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Julius Wagner-Jauregg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1928-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19281113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19281114
DESCRIPTION:Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus was a German chemist who won a Nobe
 l Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on sterols and their relation to
  vitamins. He was the doctoral advisor of Adolf Butenandt who also won a N
 obel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928\, an
 nounced November 13\, 1928.\nAdolf Windaus\, “for the services rendered 
 through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connec
 tion with the vitamins”.\nAdolf Windaus: born 1876\, Berlin\, Germany.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Otto_Reinhold_Windaus\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Adolf Windaus
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1928-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19281113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19281114
DESCRIPTION:Sigrid Undset was a Danish-born Norwegian novelist. She was awa
 rded the 1928 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 
 1928\, announced November 13\, 1928.\nSigrid Undset\, “principally for h
 er powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”.\nSigr
 id Undset: born 1882\, Kalundborg\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Sigrid_Undset\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Sigrid Undset
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1928-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19291112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19291113
DESCRIPTION:Sir Owen Willans Richardson was a British physicist who receive
 d the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on thermionic emission and 
 for the discovery of Richardson's law.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1928\
 , announced November 12\, 1929.\nOwen Willans Richardson\, “for his work
  on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law 
 named after him”.\nOwen Willans Richardson: born 1879\, Dewsbury\, Unite
 d Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Owen Willans Richardson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1928-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19281025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19281026
DESCRIPTION:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle was a French bacteriologist who rec
 eived the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the tr
 ansmitter of epidemic typhus.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
  1928\, announced October 25\, 1928.\nCharles Nicolle\, “for his work on
  typhus”.\nCharles Nicolle: born 1866\, Rouen\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nicolle\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Charles Nicolle
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1929-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19291112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19291113
DESCRIPTION:Sir Arthur Harden\, FRS was a British biochemist. He shared the
  Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Ch
 elpin for their investigations into the fermentation of sugar and fermenta
 tive enzymes. He was a founding member of the Biochemical Society and edit
 or of the Biochemical Journal for 25 years.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistr
 y 1929\, announced November 12\, 1929.\nArthur Harden and Hans von Euler-C
 helpin\, “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and ferm
 entative enzymes”.\nArthur Harden: born 1865\, Manchester\, United Kingd
 om.\nHans von Euler-Chelpin: born 1873\, Augsburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Harden\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_
 Euler-Chelpin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1929-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19291112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19291113
DESCRIPTION:Paul Thomas Mann was a German novelist\, short story writer\, s
 ocial critic\, philanthropist\, essayist\, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas 
 are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the inte
 llectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used m
 odern versions of German and Biblical stories\, as well as the ideas of Jo
 hann Wolfgang von Goethe\, Friedrich Nietzsche\, and Arthur Schopenhauer.\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1929\, announced November 12\, 1929.\nTho
 mas Mann\, “principally for his great novel\, <I>Buddenbrooks</I>\, whic
 h has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of co
 ntemporary literature”.\nThomas Mann: born 1875\, Lübeck\, Germany.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Thomas Mann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1929-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301211
DESCRIPTION:Frank Billings Kellogg was an American lawyer\, politician\, an
 d statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State. 
 He co-authored the Kellogg–Briand Pact\, for which he was awarded the No
 bel Peace Prize in 1929.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1929\, announced Decembe
 r 10\, 1930.\nFrank B. Kellogg\, “for his crucial role in bringing about
  the Briand-Kellogg Pact”.\nFrank B. Kellogg: born 1856\, Potsdam\, NY\,
  USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Frank B. Kellogg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1929-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19291112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19291113
DESCRIPTION:Louis Victor Pierre Raymond\, 7th Duc de Broglie was a French t
 heoretical physicist and aristocrat known for his contributions to quantum
  theory. In his 1924 Ph.D. thesis\, he postulated the wave nature of elect
 rons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is kn
 own as the de Broglie hypothesis\, an example of wave–particle duality\,
  and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics. In 1929\, de
  Broglie won the Nobel Prize in Physics\, after the wave-like behaviour of
  matter was experimentally confirmed in 1927. This confirmation earned Geo
 rge Paget Thomson and Clinton Davisson the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1929\, announced November 12\, 1929.\nLouis
  de Broglie\, “for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”.\nLo
 uis de Broglie: born 1892\, Dieppe\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Louis_de_Broglie\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Louis de Broglie
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1929-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19291031
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19291101
DESCRIPTION:Christiaan Eijkman was a Dutch physician and professor of physi
 ology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the 
 discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine). Together with Sir Frederick
  Hopkins\, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 
 for the discovery of vitamins.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicin
 e 1929\, announced October 31\, 1929.\nChristiaan Eijkman (1/2)\, “for h
 is discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”.\nSir Frederick Hopkins (1/2)\
 , “for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”.\nChristiaan 
 Eijkman: born 1858\, Nijkerk\, the Netherlands.\nSir Frederick Hopkins: bo
 rn 1861\, Eastbourne\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch
 ristiaan_Eijkman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Christiaan Eijkman and Sir Frederick Hopkins
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1930-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301114
DESCRIPTION:Hans Fischer was a German organic chemist and the recipient of 
 the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his researches into the constituti
 on of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin."\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930\, announced November 13\, 1930.\nHans
  Fischer\, “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlor
 ophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”.\nHans Fischer: born 
 1881\, Hoechst\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Fischer\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Hans Fischer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1930-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301106
DESCRIPTION:Harry Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist\, short-story wri
 ter\, and playwright. In 1930\, he became the first author from the United
  States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature\, which was awarded "for 
 his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create\, wi
 th wit and humor\, new types of characters." Lewis wrote six popular novel
 s: Main Street (1920)\, Babbitt (1922)\, Arrowsmith (1925)\, Elmer Gantry 
 (1927)\, Dodsworth (1929)\, and It Can't Happen Here (1935).\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Literature 1930\, announced November 5\, 1930.\nSinclair Lewis\, 
 “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to crea
 te\, with wit and humour\, new types of characters”.\nSinclair Lewis: bo
 rn 1885\, Sauk Centre\, MN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclai
 r_Lewis\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Sinclair Lewis
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1930-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301211
DESCRIPTION:Lars Olof Jonathan Söderblom was a Swedish bishop. He was the 
 Church of Sweden Archbishop of Uppsala from 1914 to 1931\, and recipient o
 f the 1930 Nobel Peace Prize. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints
  of the Lutheran Church on 12 July.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1930\, announ
 ced December 10\, 1930.\nNathan Söderblom\, “for promoting Christian un
 ity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if pe
 ace between nations is to become reality'”.\nNathan Söderblom: born 186
 6\, Trönö\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Söderblom\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Nathan Söderblom
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1930-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301114
DESCRIPTION:Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist known for 
 his work in the field of light scattering. Using a spectrograph that he de
 veloped\, he and his student K. S. Krishnan discovered that when light tra
 verses a transparent material\, the deflected light changes its wavelength
 . This phenomenon\, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light they ca
 lled modified scattering\, was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Ram
 an scattering. In 1930\, Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for hi
 s work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect name
 d after him" and became the first Asian and non-White person to receive a 
 Nobel Prize in Physics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1930\, announced Nov
 ember 13\, 1930.\nSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman\, “for his work on th
 e scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
 ”.\nSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: born 1888\, Tiruchirappalli\, Indi
 a.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013457Z
UID:nobel-1930-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19301030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19301031
DESCRIPTION:Karl Landsteiner was an Austrian-American biologist\, physician
 \, and immunologist. He emigrated with his family to New York in 1923 at t
 he age of 55 for professional opportunities\, working for the Rockefeller 
 Institute.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930\, announced O
 ctober 30\, 1930.\nKarl Landsteiner\, “for his discovery of human blood 
 groups”.\nKarl Landsteiner: born 1868\, Vienna\, Austrian Empire (now Au
 stria).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Karl Landsteiner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1931-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19311112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19311113
DESCRIPTION:Carl Bosch was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate
  in Chemistry. He was a pioneer in the field of high-pressure industrial c
 hemistry and founder of IG Farben\, at one point the world's largest chemi
 cal company.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931\, announced November 12\
 , 1931.\nCarl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius\, “in recognition of their con
 tributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure meth
 ods”.\nCarl Bosch: born 1874\, Cologne\, Germany.\nFriedrich Bergius: bo
 rn 1884\, Goldschmieden\, near Breslau\, Germany (now Poland).\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bosch\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_
 Bergius\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1931-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19311108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19311109
DESCRIPTION:Erik Axel Karlfeldt was a Swedish poet whose highly symbolist p
 oetry masquerading as regionalism was popular and won him the 1931 Nobel P
 rize in Literature posthumously after he had been nominated by Nathan Söd
 erblom\, member of the Swedish Academy. Karlfeldt had been offered the awa
 rd already in 1919 but refused to accept it\, because of his position as p
 ermanent secretary to the Swedish Academy (1913–1931)\, which awards the
  prize.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1931\, announced November 8\, 193
 1.\nErik Axel Karlfeldt\, “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt”.\nErik A
 xel Karlfeldt: born 1864\, Karlbo\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Erik Axel Karlfeldt
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1931-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19311210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19311211
DESCRIPTION:Laura Jane Addams was an American settlement activist\, reforme
 r\, social worker\, sociologist\, public administrator\, philosopher\, and
  author. She was a leader in the history of social work and women's suffra
 ge. In 1889\, Addams co-founded Hull House\, one of America's most famous 
 settlement houses\, in Chicago\, Illinois\, providing extensive social ser
 vices to poor\, largely immigrant families. Philosophically a "radical pra
 gmatist"\, she was arguably the first woman public philosopher in the Unit
 ed States. In the Progressive Era\, when even presidents such as Theodore 
 Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and might 
 be seen as social activists\, Addams was one of the most prominent reforme
 rs.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1931\, announced December 10\, 1931.\nJane Ad
 dams and Nicholas Murray Butler\, “for their assiduous effort to revive 
 the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation
  and in the whole of mankind”.\nJane Addams: born 1860\, Cedarville\, IL
 \, USA.\nNicholas Murray Butler: born 1862\, Elizabeth\, NJ\, USA.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicho
 las_Murray_Butler\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1931-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19311029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19311030
DESCRIPTION:Otto Heinrich Warburg was a German physiologist\, medical docto
 r\, and Nobel laureate. He served as an officer in the elite Uhlans (caval
 ry) during the First World War\, and was awarded the Iron Cross for braver
 y. He was the sole recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 
 in 1931. In total\, he was nominated for the award 48 times over the cours
 e of his career.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931\, annou
 nced October 29\, 1931.\nOtto Warburg\, “for his discovery of the nature
  and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”.\nOtto Warburg: born 1883
 \, Freiburg im Breisgau\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_H
 einrich_Warburg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Otto Warburg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1932-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19321110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19321111
DESCRIPTION:Irving Langmuir was an American chemist\, physicist\, and metal
 lurgical engineer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for
  his work in surface chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932\, ann
 ounced November 10\, 1932.\nIrving Langmuir\, “for his discoveries and i
 nvestigations in surface chemistry”.\nIrving Langmuir: born 1881\, Brook
 lyn\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Irving Langmuir
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1932-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19321110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19321111
DESCRIPTION:John Galsworthy was an English novelist and playwright. He is b
 est known for his trilogy of novels collectively called The Forsyte Saga\,
  and two later trilogies\, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He was 
 awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literatu
 re 1932\, announced November 10\, 1932.\nJohn Galsworthy\, “for his dist
 inguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <I>The Forsyte 
 Saga</I>”.\nJohn Galsworthy: born 1867\, Kingston Hill\, United Kingdom.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Galsworthy\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · John Galsworthy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1932-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19331109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19331110
DESCRIPTION:Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist\, one
  of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics and a principal s
 cientist in the German nuclear program during World War II.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1932\, announced November 9\, 1933.\nWerner Heisenberg\, 
 “for the creation of quantum mechanics\, the application of which has\, 
 inter alia\, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”.\
 nWerner Heisenberg: born 1901\, Würzburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Werner Heisenberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1932-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19321027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19321028
DESCRIPTION:Sir Charles Scott Sherrington was a British neurophysiologist a
 nd academic. His experimental research established many aspects of contemp
 orary neuroscience\, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a syste
 m involving connected neurons\, and how signal transmission between neuron
 s can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word
  "synapse" to define the connection between two neurons. His book The Inte
 grative Action of the Nervous System (1906) is a synthesis of this work\, 
 in recognition of which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Me
 dicine in 1932.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932\, announ
 ced October 27\, 1932.\nSir Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian\, “for 
 their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”.\nSir Charles Sher
 rington: born 1857\, London\, United Kingdom.\nEdgar Adrian: born 1889\, L
 ondon\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_She
 rrington\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Adrian\,_1st_Baron_Adrian\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1933-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19331109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19331110
DESCRIPTION:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin was a Russian writer. He became the fir
 st Russian writer awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature\, in 1933. He was 
 noted for the strict artistry with which he carried on the classical Russi
 an traditions in the writing of prose and poetry. The texture of his poems
  and stories\, sometimes referred to as "Bunin brocade"\, is considered to
  be one of the richest in the language.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1
 933\, announced November 9\, 1933.\nIvan Bunin\, “for the strict artistr
 y with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose w
 riting”.\nIvan Bunin: born 1870\, Voronezh\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bunin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Ivan Bunin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1933-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19341210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19341211
DESCRIPTION:Sir Ralph Norman Angell was a lecturer\, journalist\, author an
 d Member of Parliament for the Labour Party. He was awarded the Nobel Peac
 e Prize for his efforts to promote peace\, particularly through writings t
 hat argued that modern economic interdependence made war irrational and se
 lf-defeating.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1933\, announced December 10\, 1934
 .\nSir Norman Angell\, “for having exposed by his pen the illusion of wa
 r and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace
 ”.\nSir Norman Angell: born 1872\, Holbeach\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Sir Norman Angell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1933-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19331109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19331110
DESCRIPTION:Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger\, sometimes anglicise
 d as Schroedinger or Schrodinger\, was an Austrian theoretical physicist w
 ho developed fundamental results in quantum theory. In particular\, he is 
 recognized for devising the Schrödinger equation\, an equation that provi
 des a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dy
 namically in time. He coined the term "quantum entanglement" in 1935. Schr
 ödinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Paul Dirac "for the d
 iscovery of new productive forms of atomic theory".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Physics 1933\, announced November 9\, 1933.\nErwin Schrödinger and Paul A
 .M. Dirac\, “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
 ”.\nErwin Schrödinger: born 1887\, Vienna\, Austria.\nPaul A.M. Dirac: 
 born 1902\, Bristol\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erw
 in_Schrödinger\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Erwin Schrödinger and Paul A.M. Dirac
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1933-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19331020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19331021
DESCRIPTION:Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American evolutionary biologist\, gen
 eticist\, and embryologist. In 1933\, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology
  or Medicine for discoveries on the role of chromosomes in heredity.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933\, announced October 20\, 1933
 .\nThomas H. Morgan\, “for his discoveries concerning the role played by
  the chromosome in heredity”.\nThomas H. Morgan: born 1866\, Lexington\,
  KY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Thomas H. Morgan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1934-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19341115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19341116
DESCRIPTION:Harold Clayton Urey was an American physical chemist who conduc
 ted pioneering work on isotopes. He earned the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemist
 ry "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen." He played a significant role in 
 the development of the atom bomb\, as well as contributing to theories on 
 the development of organic life from non-living matter.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Chemistry 1934\, announced November 15\, 1934.\nHarold C. Urey\, “fo
 r his discovery of heavy hydrogen”.\nHarold C. Urey: born 1893\, Walkert
 on\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Urey\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Harold C. Urey
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1934-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19341108
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19341109
DESCRIPTION:Luigi Pirandello was an Italian dramatist\, novelist\, poet\, a
 nd short story writer most noted for his plays. He was awarded the 1934 No
 bel Prize in Literature "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic an
 d scenic art". Pirandello's works include novels\, hundreds of short stori
 es\, and about 40 plays\, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandell
 o's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absu
 rd.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1934\, announced November 8\, 1934.\n
 Luigi Pirandello\, “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and s
 cenic art”.\nLuigi Pirandello: born 1867\, Agrigento\, Sicily\, Italy.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Luigi Pirandello
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1934-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19341210
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19341211
DESCRIPTION:Arthur Henderson was a British iron moulder and Labour politici
 an. He was the first Labour cabinet minister\, won the Nobel Peace Prize i
 n 1934 and\, uniquely\, served three separate terms as Leader of the Labou
 r Party in three different decades\, and was elected to parliament in five
  by-elections in different constituencies. He was popular among his collea
 gues\, who called him "Uncle Arthur" in acknowledgement of his integrity\,
  his devotion to the cause and his imperturbability. He was a transitional
  figure whose policies were\, at first\, close to those of the Liberal Par
 ty. The trades unions rejected his emphasis on arbitration and conciliatio
 n\, and thwarted his goal of unifying the Labour Party and the trade union
 s.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1934\, announced December 10\, 1934.\nArthur H
 enderson\, “for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chai
 rman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34”.\nArthur H
 enderson: born 1863\, Glasgow\, Scotland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Arthur_Henderson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Arthur Henderson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1934-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19341025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19341026
DESCRIPTION:George Hoyt Whipple was an American physician\, pathologist\, b
 iomedical researcher\, and medical school educator and administrator. Whip
 ple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George R
 ichards Minot and William Parry Murphy "for their discoveries concerning l
 iver therapy in cases of anemia". This makes Whipple the first of several 
 Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934\, announced October 25\, 1934.\nGeorg
 e H. Whipple\, George R. Minot\, and William P. Murphy\, “for their disc
 overies concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”.\nGeorge H. Whippl
 e: born 1878\, Ashland\, NH\, USA.\nGeorge R. Minot: born 1885\, Boston\, 
 MA\, USA.\nWilliam P. Murphy: born 1892\, Stoughton\, WI\, USA.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whipple\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg
 e_Minot\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Murphy\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · George H. Whipple\, George R. Minot\, and William 
 P. Murphy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1935-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19351114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19351115
DESCRIPTION:Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie was a French chemist and physicist
  who received the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with his wife\, Irène Jol
 iot-Curie\, for their discovery of induced radioactivity. They were the se
 cond married couple\, after his parents-in-law\, to win the Nobel Prize\, 
 adding to the Curie family legacy of four Nobel Prizes. Joliot-Curie and h
 is wife also founded the Orsay Faculty of Sciences\, part of the Paris-Sac
 lay University.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935\, announced November 
 14\, 1935.\nFrédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie\, “in recognition 
 of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”.\nFrédéric Joliot: bor
 n 1900\, Paris\, France.\nIrène Joliot-Curie: born 1897\, Paris\, France.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_Joliot-Curie\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Irène_Joliot-Curie\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1935-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361124
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361125
DESCRIPTION:Carl von Ossietzky was a German journalist and pacifist. He was
  the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in exposing the 
 clandestine German rearmament.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1935\, announced N
 ovember 24\, 1936.\nCarl von Ossietzky\, “for his burning love for freed
 om of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of
  peace”.\nCarl von Ossietzky: born 1889\, Hamburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Carl von Ossietzky
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1935-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19351114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19351115
DESCRIPTION:Sir James Chadwick was a British experimental physicist who rec
 eived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for his discovery of the neutron.
  In 1941\, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report\, which inspired th
 e U.S. government to begin serious atomic bomb research efforts. He was th
 e head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during Wor
 ld War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in nucl
 ear physics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1935\, announced November 14\, 
 1935.\nJames Chadwick\, “for the discovery of the neutron”.\nJames Cha
 dwick: born 1891\, Manchester\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/James_Chadwick\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · James Chadwick
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1935-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19351024
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19351025
DESCRIPTION:Hans Spemann was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel 
 Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his student Hilde Mangold's di
 scovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction\, an influence\, ex
 ercised by various parts of the embryo\, that directs the development of g
 roups of cells into particular tissues and organs\, one of the first steps
  towards cloning. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's d
 issertation and won a Nobel Prize for her work.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phys
 iology or Medicine 1935\, announced October 24\, 1935.\nHans Spemann\, “
 for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”.\nHa
 ns Spemann: born 1869\, Stuttgart\, Württemberg (now Germany).\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Spemann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Hans Spemann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1936-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361113
DESCRIPTION:Peter Joseph William Debye was a Dutch-American physicist and p
 hysical chemist\, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in C
 hemistry 1936\, announced November 12\, 1936.\nPeter Debye\, “for his co
 ntributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigat
 ions on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in g
 ases”.\nPeter Debye: born 1884\, Maastricht\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Debye\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Peter Debye
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1936-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361113
DESCRIPTION:Eugene Gladstone O'Neill Sr. was an American playwright. His po
 etically titled plays were among the first to introduce into the U.S. the 
 drama techniques of realism\, earlier associated with Chekhov\, Ibsen\, an
 d Strindberg. The tragedy Long Day's Journey into Night is often included 
 on lists of the finest American plays in the 20th century\, alongside Tenn
 essee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Miller's Death of a S
 alesman. He was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature and the 1957 To
 ny Award for Best Play. O'Neill is also the only playwright to win four Pu
 litzer Prizes for Drama.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1936\, announced
  November 12\, 1936.\nEugene O'Neill\, “for the power\, honesty and deep
 -felt emotions of his dramatic works\, which embody an original concept of
  tragedy”.\nEugene O'Neill: born 1888\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O'Neill\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Eugene O'Neill
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1936-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361124
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361125
DESCRIPTION:Carlos Saavedra Lamas was an Argentine academic and politician 
 who served as Argentina's foreign minister from 1932 to 1938. A legal scho
 lar specializing in labor legislation and international law\, he also serv
 ed as rector of the University of Buenos Aires. As foreign minister\, he d
 rafted the 1933 Treaty of Nonaggression and Conciliation and helped mediat
 e an end to the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay\, work for which he
  was awarded the 1936 Nobel Peace Prize\, becoming the first Latin America
 n recipient of the prize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1936\, announced Novemb
 er 24\, 1936.\nCarlos Saavedra Lamas\, “for his role as father of the Ar
 gentine Antiwar Pact of 1933\, which he also used as a means to mediate pe
 ace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935”.\nCarlos Saavedra Lamas: born 
 1878\, Buenos Aires\, Argentina.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_S
 aavedra_Lamas\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Carlos Saavedra Lamas
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1936-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361113
DESCRIPTION:Victor Franz Hess was an Austrian–American experimental physi
 cist who shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics with Carl David Anderson f
 or his discovery of cosmic rays.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1936\, anno
 unced November 12\, 1936.\nVictor F. Hess (1/2)\, “for his discovery of 
 cosmic radiation”.\nCarl D. Anderson (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the
  positron”.\nVictor F. Hess: born 1883\, Peggau\, Austria.\nCarl D. Ande
 rson: born 1905\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi
 ctor_Francis_Hess\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Victor F. Hess and Carl D. Anderson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1936-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19361029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19361030
DESCRIPTION:Sir Henry Hallett Dale was an English pharmacologist and physio
 logist. For his study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmissi
 on of nerve pulses (neurotransmission) he shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in P
 hysiology or Medicine with Otto Loewi.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or
  Medicine 1936\, announced October 29\, 1936.\nSir Henry Dale and Otto Loe
 wi\, “for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve i
 mpulses”.\nSir Henry Dale: born 1875\, London\, United Kingdom.\nOtto Lo
 ewi: born 1873\, Frankfurt-on-the-Main\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loewi\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1937-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19371111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19371112
DESCRIPTION:Sir Walter Norman Haworth FRS was a British chemist best known 
 for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid while working at the Universi
 ty of Birmingham. He received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his i
 nvestigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C". The prize was shared with S
 wiss chemist Paul Karrer for his work on other vitamins.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Chemistry 1937\, announced November 11\, 1937.\nNorman Haworth (1/2)\
 , “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C”.\nPaul Karre
 r (1/2)\, “for his investigations on carotenoids\, flavins and vitamins 
 A and B2”.\nNorman Haworth: born 1883\, Chorley\, United Kingdom.\nPaul 
 Karrer: born 1889\, Moscow\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm
 an_Haworth\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Karrer\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Norman Haworth and Paul Karrer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1937-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19371111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19371112
DESCRIPTION:Roger Martin du Gard was a French novelist\, winner of the 1937
  Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1937\, announ
 ced November 11\, 1937.\nRoger Martin du Gard\, “for the artistic power 
 and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundam
 ental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault</I>
 ”.\nRoger Martin du Gard: born 1881\, Neuilly-sur-Seine\, France.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Roger Martin du Gard
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1937-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19371118
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19371119
DESCRIPTION:Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil\, 1st Viscount Cecil of Ch
 elwood\,\, known as Lord Robert Cecil from 1868 to 1923\, was a British la
 wyer\, politician and diplomat. He was one of the architects of the League
  of Nations and a defender of it\, whose service to the organisation saw h
 im awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1937\, 
 announced November 18\, 1937.\nRobert Cecil\, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood\,
  “for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations\, disarmam
 ent and peace”.\nRobert Cecil\, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood: born 1864\, 
 London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil\,_1
 st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Robert Cecil\, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1937-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19371111
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19371112
DESCRIPTION:Clinton Joseph Davisson was an American experimental physicist 
 who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson "for 
 their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1937\, announced November 11\, 1937.\nClint
 on Davisson and George Paget Thomson\, “for their experimental discovery
  of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”.\nClinton Davisson: born 1
 881\, Bloomington\, IL\, USA.\nGeorge Paget Thomson: born 1892\, Cambridge
 \, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Davisson\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Clinton Davisson and George Paget Thomson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1937-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19371028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19371029
DESCRIPTION:Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt was a Hungarian bioch
 emist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is cre
 dited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering many of the component
 s and reactions of the citric acid cycle and the molecular basis of muscle
  contraction.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937\, announce
 d October 28\, 1937.\nAlbert Szent-Györgyi\, “for his discoveries in co
 nnection with the biological combustion processes\, with special reference
  to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”.\nAlbert Szent-Györgyi
 : born 1893\, Budapest\, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary).\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Györgyi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Albert Szent-Györgyi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1938-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391110
DESCRIPTION:Richard Johann Kuhn was an Austrian-German biochemist who was a
 warded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 "for his work on carotenoids a
 nd vitamins".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938\, announced November 9\
 , 1939.\nRichard Kuhn\, “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”.\nR
 ichard Kuhn: born 1900\, Vienna\, Austria-Hungary (now Austria).\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kuhn\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Richard Kuhn
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1938-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19381110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19381111
DESCRIPTION:Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker Buck was an American writer and hum
 anitarian. She is best known for The Good Earth\, the best-selling novel i
 n the United States in 1931 and 1932\, which won her the Pulitzer Prize in
  1932. In 1938\, Buck became the first American woman to win the Nobel Pri
 ze in Literature "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life
  in China" and for her "masterpieces"\, two memoir-biographies of her miss
 ionary parents.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1938\, announced November
  10\, 1938.\nPearl Buck\, “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of p
 easant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”.\nPearl Buck
 : born 1892\, Hillsboro\, WV\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl
 _S._Buck\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Pearl Buck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1938-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19381117
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19381118
DESCRIPTION:The Nansen International Office for Refugees was an organizatio
 n established in 1930 by the League of Nations and named after Fridtjof Na
 nsen\, soon after his death\, which was internationally in charge of refug
 ees from war areas between 1930 and 1939. It is noted for developing the N
 ansen passport which allowed stateless people to travel between countries.
  It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1938\
 , announced November 17\, 1938.\nNansen International Office for Refugees\
 , “for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of r
 efugees across Europe”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Internat
 ional_Office_for_Refugees\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Nansen International Office for Refugees
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1938-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19381110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19381111
DESCRIPTION:Enrico Fermi was an Italian and naturalized-American physicist\
 , renowned for being the creator of the world's first artificial nuclear r
 eactor\, Chicago Pile-1\, and a member of the Manhattan Project. He won th
 e 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his demonstrations of the existence of 
 new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation\, and for his rel
 ated discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". He ha
 s been called the "architect of the nuclear age" and the "architect of the
  atomic bomb". He was one of very few physicists to excel in both theoreti
 cal and experimental physics. With his colleagues\, Fermi filed several pa
 tents related to the use of nuclear power\, all of which were taken over b
 y the US government. He made significant contributions to the development 
 of statistical mechanics\, quantum theory\, and nuclear and particle physi
 cs.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1938\, announced November 10\, 1938.\nEn
 rico Fermi\, “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive
  elements produced by neutron irradiation\, and for his related discovery 
 of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”.\nEnrico Fermi: bor
 n 1901\, Rome\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Enrico Fermi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1938-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391027
DESCRIPTION:Corneille Jean François Heymans was a Belgian physiologist. He
  studied at the Jesuit College of Saint Barbara and then at Ghent Universi
 ty\, where he obtained a doctor's degree in 1920.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Ph
 ysiology or Medicine 1938\, announced October 26\, 1939.\nCorneille Heyman
 s\, “for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechan
 isms in the regulation of respiration”.\nCorneille Heymans: born 1892\, 
 Ghent\, Belgium.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Heymans\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Corneille Heymans
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1939-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391110
DESCRIPTION:Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt was a German biochemist. He wa
 s awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his "work on sex hormon
 es." He initially rejected the award in accordance with government policy\
 , but accepted it in 1949 after World War II. He was President of the Max 
 Planck Society from 1960 to 1972. He was also the first\, in 1959\, to dis
 cover the structure of the sex pheromone of silkworms\, which he named bom
 bykol.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939\, announced November 9\, 1939.
 \nAdolf Butenandt (1/2)\, “for his work on sex hormones”.\nLeopold Ruz
 icka (1/2)\, “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”.\nAd
 olf Butenandt: born 1903\, Bremerhaven-Lehe\, Germany.\nLeopold Ruzicka: b
 orn 1887\, Vukovar\, Austria-Hungary (now Croatia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Ružičk
 a\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Adolf Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1939-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391111
DESCRIPTION:Frans Eemil Sillanpää was a Finnish writer. In 1939\, he beca
 me the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "
 for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite ar
 t with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship wit
 h Nature".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1939\, announced November 10\,
  1939.\nFrans Eemil Sillanpää\, “for his deep understanding of his cou
 ntry's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their w
 ay of life and their relationship with Nature”.\nFrans Eemil Sillanpää
 : born 1888\, Hämeenkyrö\, Russian Empire (now Finland).\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanpää\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Frans Eemil Sillanpää
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1939-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391110
DESCRIPTION:Ernest Orlando Lawrence was an American physicist who received 
 the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He 
 is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Proj
 ect\, as well as for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory an
 d the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physic
 s 1939\, announced November 9\, 1939.\nErnest Lawrence\, “for the invent
 ion and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it\, es
 pecially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”.\nErnest Lawren
 ce: born 1901\, Canton\, SD\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest
 _Lawrence\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Ernest Lawrence
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1939-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19391026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391027
DESCRIPTION:Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk was a German pathologist and bacte
 riologist.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939\, announced O
 ctober 26\, 1939.\nGerhard Domagk\, “for the discovery of the antibacter
 ial effects of prontosil”.\nGerhard Domagk: born 1895\, Lagow\, Germany 
 (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Gerhard Domagk
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1943-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441110
DESCRIPTION:George Charles de Hevesy was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel
  Prize in Chemistry laureate\, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the 
 development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in 
 the metabolism of animals. He also co-discovered the element hafnium.\n\nT
 he Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943\, announced November 9\, 1944.\nGeorge de
  Hevesy\, “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study o
 f chemical processes”.\nGeorge de Hevesy: born 1885\, Budapest\, Austria
 -Hungary (now Hungary).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_de_Hevesy\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · George de Hevesy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1943-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441110
DESCRIPTION:Otto Stern was a German–American experimental physicist. He i
 s the second most nominated person for a Nobel Prize\, with 82 nominations
  during the years 1925–1945. In 1943\, he received the Nobel Prize in Ph
 ysics "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method
  and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."\n\nThe Nobel Pri
 ze in Physics 1943\, announced November 9\, 1944.\nOtto Stern\, “for his
  contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his disco
 very of the magnetic moment of the proton”.\nOtto Stern: born 1888\, Sor
 au\, Germany (now Zory\, Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_St
 ern\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Otto Stern
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1943-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441027
DESCRIPTION:Carl Peter Henrik Dam was a Danish biochemist and physiologist.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943\, announced October 26\
 , 1944.\nHenrik Dam (1/2)\, “for his discovery of vitamin K”.\nEdward 
 A. Doisy (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
 ”.\nHenrik Dam: born 1895\, Copenhagen\, Denmark.\nEdward A. Doisy: born
  1893\, Hume\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Dam\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Henrik Dam and Edward A. Doisy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1944-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451116
DESCRIPTION:Otto Hahn was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the field o
 f radiochemistry. He is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry and
  discoverer of nuclear fission\, the science behind nuclear reactors and n
 uclear weapons. Hahn and Lise Meitner discovered isotopes of the radioacti
 ve elements radium\, thorium\, protactinium and uranium. He also discovere
 d the phenomena of atomic recoil and nuclear isomerism\, and pioneered rub
 idium–strontium dating. In 1938\, Hahn\, Meitner and Fritz Strassmann di
 scovered nuclear fission\, for which Hahn alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel
  Prize in Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944\, announced Nove
 mber 15\, 1945.\nOtto Hahn\, “for his discovery of the fission of heavy 
 nuclei”.\nOtto Hahn: born 1879\, Frankfurt-on-the-Main\, Germany.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Otto Hahn
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1944-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441110
DESCRIPTION:Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author\, known as one of t
 he great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded 
 the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of
  his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity o
 f wide scope and a bold\, freshly creative style". One of his sisters\, Th
 it Jensen\, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal\, and occasional
 ly controversial\, early feminist.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1944\,
  announced November 9\, 1944.\nJohannes V. Jensen\, “for the rare streng
 th and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intel
 lectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold\, freshly creative style”.\nJ
 ohannes V. Jensen: born 1873\, Farsø\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Johannes_Vilhelm_Jensen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Johannes V. Jensen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1944-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451113
DESCRIPTION:The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humani
 tarian aid organization based in Geneva\, Switzerland\, and is a three-tim
 e Nobel Prize laureate. The organization has played an instrumental role i
 n the development of rules of war and promoting humanitarian norms. An int
 ernational non-governmental organization\, it has responsibility for promo
 ting and ensuring respect for the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Pro
 tection of War Victims: the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded
  and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field\; the Convention for the Ameliorati
 on of the Condition of the Wounded\, Sick\, and Shipwrecked Members of Arm
 ed Forces at Sea\; The Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners o
 f War\; and the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons 
 in Time of War.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1944\, announced November 12\, 19
 45.\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross\, “for the great work it h
 as performed during the war on behalf of humanity”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Committee of the Red Cross
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1944-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441109
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441110
DESCRIPTION:Israel Isaac "Isidor" Rabi was an American physicist who receiv
 ed the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 "for his resonance method for record
 ing the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei." He was also one of the firs
 t scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron\, which 
 is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phys
 ics 1944\, announced November 9\, 1944.\nIsidor Isaac Rabi\, “for his re
 sonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”.\
 nIsidor Isaac Rabi: born 1898\, Rymanow\, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Isidor Isaac Rabi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1944-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19441026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19441027
DESCRIPTION:Joseph Erlanger was an American physiologist who is best known 
 for his contributions to the field of neuroscience. Together with Herbert 
 Spencer Gasser\, he identified several varieties of nerve fiber and establ
 ished the relationship between action potential velocity and fiber diamete
 r. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for
  these achievements.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944\, a
 nnounced October 26\, 1944.\nJoseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser\, “fo
 r their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of sin
 gle nerve fibres”.\nJoseph Erlanger: born 1874\, San Francisco\, CA\, US
 A.\nHerbert S. Gasser: born 1888\, Platteville\, WI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_S
 pencer_Gasser\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1945-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451116
DESCRIPTION:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen was a Finnish chemist and recipient of 
 the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research and inventions in agri
 cultural and nutrition chemistry\, especially for his fodder preservation 
 method".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945\, announced November 15\, 19
 45.\nArtturi Virtanen\, “for his research and inventions in agricultural
  and nutrition chemistry\, especially for his fodder preservation method
 ”.\nArtturi Virtanen: born 1895\, Helsinki\, Russian Empire (now Finland
 ).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Artturi Virtanen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1945-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451116
DESCRIPTION:Lucila Godoy Alcayaga\, known by her pseudonym Gabriela Mistral
 \, was a Chilean poet-diplomat\, journalist and educator. She read widely 
 in theosophy\, became a member of the secular or Third Franciscan order in
  1925\, but rarely attended mass. She was the first Latin American author 
 to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1945\, "for her lyric poetry whi
 ch\, inspired by powerful emotions\, has made her name a symbol of the ide
 alistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world". Some central them
 es in her poems are nature\, betrayal\, love\, a mother's love\, sorrow an
 d recovery\, travel\, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture
  of Native American and European influences. She also wrote an immense bod
 y of prose\, about 800 articles that circulated throughout the Spanish-spe
 aking world\, on a range of topics: geography\, education\, profiles of he
 r fellow writers\, politics\, and more. Her image is featured on the 5\,00
 0 Chilean peso banknote.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1945\, announced
  November 15\, 1945.\nGabriela Mistral\, “for her lyric poetry which\, i
 nspired by powerful emotions\, has made her name a symbol of the idealisti
 c aspirations of the entire Latin American world”.\nGabriela Mistral: bo
 rn 1889\, Vicuña\, Chile.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Mistr
 al\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Gabriela Mistral
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1945-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451112
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451113
DESCRIPTION:Cordell Hull was an American politician and diplomat who served
  as the United States secretary of state for nearly twelve years under Pre
 sident Franklin D. Roosevelt\, from 1933 to 1944. A member of the Democrat
 ic Party\, he is the longest-serving secretary of state in United States h
 istory. Hull previously represented Tennessee in both houses of the United
  States Congress for 24 years\, first as a member of the U.S. House of Rep
 resentatives from 1907 to 1921 and again from 1923 to 1931\, and as a U.S.
  senator from 1931 to 1933. Hull also served as a member of the Tennessee 
 House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1945\
 , announced November 12\, 1945.\nCordell Hull\, “for his indefatigable w
 ork for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing t
 he United Nations”.\nCordell Hull: born 1871\, Olympus\, TN\, USA.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Cordell Hull
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1945-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451116
DESCRIPTION:Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and 
 a pioneer of quantum mechanics. In 1945\, after having been nominated by A
 lbert Einstein\, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discov
 ery of the Exclusion Principle\, also called the Pauli Principle". The dis
 covery involved spin theory\, which is the basis of a theory of the struct
 ure of matter.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1945\, announced November 15\
 , 1945.\nWolfgang Pauli\, “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle\
 , also called the Pauli Principle”.\nWolfgang Pauli: born 1900\, Vienna\
 , Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Wolfgang Pauli
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1945-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19451025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19451026
DESCRIPTION:Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician and microbiologi
 st. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Howard F
 lorey and Ernst Chain "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative ef
 fect in various infectious diseases".\nThis was the first antibiotic subst
 ance discovered. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenic
 illin from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the "single 
 greatest victory ever achieved over disease".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physio
 logy or Medicine 1945\, announced October 25\, 1945.\nSir Alexander Flemin
 g\, Ernst B. Chain\, and Sir Howard Florey\, “for the discovery of penic
 illin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”.\nSir Alex
 ander Fleming: born 1881\, Lochfield\, Scotland.\nErnst B. Chain: born 190
 6\, Berlin\, Germany.\nSir Howard Florey: born 1898\, Adelaide\, Australia
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Florey\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir Alexander Fleming\, Ernst B. Chain\, and Sir H
 oward Florey
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1946-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19461114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19461115
DESCRIPTION:James Batcheller Sumner was an American biochemist. He discover
 ed that enzymes can be crystallized\, for which he shared the Nobel Prize 
 in Chemistry in 1946 with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanle
 y. He was also the first to prove that enzymes are proteins.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Chemistry 1946\, announced November 14\, 1946.\nJames B. Sumner (
 1/2)\, “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”.\nJohn H. 
 Northrop (1/4)\, “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in
  a pure form”.\nWendell M. Stanley (1/4)\, “for their preparation of e
 nzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”.\nJames B. Sumner: born 1887\,
  Canton\, MA\, USA.\nJohn H. Northrop: born 1891\, Yonkers\, NY\, USA.\nWe
 ndell M. Stanley: born 1904\, Ridgeville\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/James_B._Sumner\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Nor
 throp\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · James B. Sumner\, John H. Northrop\, and Wendell 
 M. Stanley
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1946-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19461114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19461115
DESCRIPTION:Hermann Karl Hesse was a German-Swiss poet and novelist\, and w
 inner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature. His interest in Eastern relig
 ious\, spiritual\, and philosophical traditions\, combined with his involv
 ement with Jungian analysis\, helped shape his literary work. His best-kno
 wn novels include Demian\, Steppenwolf\, Siddhartha\, Narcissus and Goldmu
 nd\, and The Glass Bead Game\, each of which explores an individual's sear
 ch for authenticity\, self-knowledge\, and spirituality.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Literature 1946\, announced November 14\, 1946.\nHermann Hesse\, “f
 or his inspired writings which\, while growing in boldness and penetration
 \, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style
 ”.\nHermann Hesse: born 1877\, Calw\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Hermann_Hesse\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Hermann Hesse
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1946-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19461114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19461115
DESCRIPTION:Emily Greene Balch was an American economist\, sociologist and 
 pacifist. Balch combined an academic career at Wellesley College with a lo
 ng-standing interest in social issues such as poverty\, child labor\, and 
 immigration\, as well as settlement work to uplift poor immigrants and red
 uce juvenile delinquency.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1946\, announced Novemb
 er 14\, 1946.\nEmily Greene Balch (1/2)\, “for her lifelong work for the
  cause of peace”.\nJohn R. Mott (1/2)\, “for his contribution to the c
 reation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundar
 ies”.\nEmily Greene Balch: born 1867\, Jamaica Plain\, MA (now Boston\, 
 MA)\, USA.\nJohn R. Mott: born 1865\, Livingston Manor\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/John_Mott\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Emily Greene Balch and John R. Mott
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1946-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19461114
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19461115
DESCRIPTION:Percy Williams Bridgman was an American physicist who received 
 the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946 for his work on the physics of high pre
 ssures. He also wrote extensively on the scientific method and on other as
 pects of the philosophy of science. The Bridgman effect\, the Bridgman–S
 tockbarger technique\, and the high-pressure mineral bridgmanite are named
  after him.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1946\, announced November 14\, 1
 946.\nPercy W. Bridgman\, “for the invention of an apparatus to produce 
 extremely high pressures\, and for the discoveries he made therewith in th
 e field of high pressure physics”.\nPercy W. Bridgman: born 1882\, Cambr
 idge\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Percy W. Bridgman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1946-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19461031
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19461101
DESCRIPTION:Hermann Joseph Muller was an American geneticist who was awarde
 d the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of the
  production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation". Muller warned of 
 long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear war and nuclear test
 ing\, which resulted in greater public scrutiny of these practices.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946\, announced October 31\, 1946.
 \nHermann J. Muller\, “for the discovery of the production of mutations 
 by means of X-ray irradiation”.\nHermann J. Muller: born 1890\, New York
 \, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Hermann J. Muller
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1947-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19471113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19471114
DESCRIPTION:Sir Robert Robinson was a British organic chemist and Nobel lau
 reate recognised in 1947 for his research on plant dyestuffs (anthocyanins
 ) and alkaloids. In 1947\, he also received the Medal of Freedom with Silv
 er Palm.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947\, announced November 13\, 19
 47.\nSir Robert Robinson\, “for his investigations on plant products of 
 biological importance\, especially the alkaloids”.\nSir Robert Robinson:
  born 1886\, Rufford\, near Chesterfield\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Sir Robert Robinson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1947-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19471113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19471114
DESCRIPTION:André Paul Guillaume Gide was a French author whose writing sp
 anned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel P
 rize in Literature. Gide's career ranged from his beginnings in the symbol
 ist movement to criticising imperialism in the interwar period. Author of 
 more than 50 books\, he was described in his obituary in The New York Time
 s as "France's greatest contemporary man of letters" and "judged the great
 est French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti."\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Literature 1947\, announced November 13\, 1947.\nAndré Gide\,
  “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings\, in which
  human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of
  truth and keen psychological insight”.\nAndré Gide: born 1869\, Paris\
 , France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Gide\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · André Gide
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1947-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19471030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19471031
DESCRIPTION:Quaker Peace & Social Witness (QPSW)\, previously known as the 
 Friends Service Council\, and then as Quaker Peace and Service\, is one of
  the central committees of the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Soc
 iety of Friends – the national organisation of Quakers in Britain. It wo
 rks to promote British Quakers' testimonies of equality\, justice\, peace\
 , simplicity and truth\, alongside both small local and large internationa
 l pressure groups.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1947\, announced October 30\, 
 1947.\nFriends Service Council and American Friends Service Committee\, 
 “for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compa
 ssionate effort to relieve human suffering\, thereby promoting the fratern
 ity between nations”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_
 Social_Witness\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Com
 mittee\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Friends Service Council and American Friends Servi
 ce Committee
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1947-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19471113
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19471114
DESCRIPTION:Sir Edward Victor Appleton was an English physicist who receive
 d the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947 for his contributions to the knowledg
 e of the ionosphere\, which led to the development of radar and shortwave 
 radio.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1947\, announced November 13\, 1947.\
 nEdward V. Appleton\, “for his investigations of the physics of the uppe
 r atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
 ”.\nEdward V. Appleton: born 1892\, Bradford\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Edward V. Appleton
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1947-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19471023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19471024
DESCRIPTION:Carl Ferdinand Cori\, ForMemRS was an Austrian-American biochem
 ist and pharmacologist. He\, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argenti
 ne physiologist Bernardo Houssay\, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for thei
 r discovery of how the glucose derivative glycogen is broken down and resy
 nthesized in the body for use as a store and source of energy. In 2004\, b
 oth Coris were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recogni
 tion of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine 1947\, announced October 23\, 1947.\nCarl C
 ori (1/4)\, “for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversi
 on of glycogen”.\nGerty Cori (1/4)\, “for their discovery of the cours
 e of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”.\nBernardo Houssay (1/2)\, 
 “for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pit
 uitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”.\nCarl Cori: born 1896\, Prague\
 , Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic).\nGerty Cori: born 1896\, Prague\, 
 Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic).\nBernardo Houssay: born 1887\, Bueno
 s Aires\, Argentina.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Cori\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B
 ernardo_Houssay\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Carl Cori\, Gerty Cori\, and Bernardo Houssay
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1948-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19481104
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19481105
DESCRIPTION:Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius was a Swedish biochemist who won t
 he Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1948 "for his research on electrophoresis a
 nd adsorption analysis\, especially for his discoveries concerning the com
 plex nature of the serum proteins."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948\,
  announced November 4\, 1948.\nArne Tiselius\, “for his research on elec
 trophoresis and adsorption analysis\, especially for his discoveries conce
 rning the complex nature of the serum proteins”.\nArne Tiselius: born 19
 02\, Stockholm\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Tiselius\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Arne Tiselius
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1948-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19481104
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19481105
DESCRIPTION:Thomas Stearns Eliot was a poet\, essayist and playwright. He w
 as a leading figure of modernist poetry in the English language where he a
 ltered the art through his use of pessimistic language\, writing style\, a
 nd verse structure. Awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature\, he is con
 sidered one of the greatest poets of the English language. He is also note
 d for his critical essays\, which often re-evaluated long-held cultural be
 liefs.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1948\, announced November 4\, 1948
 .\nT.S. Eliot\, “for his outstanding\, pioneer contribution to present-d
 ay poetry”.\nT.S. Eliot: born 1888\, St. Louis\, MO\, USA.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · T.S. Eliot
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1948-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19481104
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19481105
DESCRIPTION:Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett\, Baron Blackett of Chelsea\, w
 as a British experimental physicist and life peer who received the 1948 No
 bel Prize in Physics. In 1925\, he was the first person to prove that radi
 oactivity could cause the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to
  another. He also made major contributions to the Allied war effort in Wor
 ld War II\, advising on military strategy and developing operational resea
 rch.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1948\, announced November 4\, 1948.\nPa
 trick M.S. Blackett\, “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber m
 ethod\, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and
  cosmic radiation”.\nPatrick M.S. Blackett: born 1897\, London\, United 
 Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett\,_Baron_Blacket
 t\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Patrick M.S. Blackett
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1948-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19481028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19481029
DESCRIPTION:Paul Hermann Müller\, also known as Pauly Mueller\, was a Swis
 s chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for 
 his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control
  of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.\n\nThe Nobel Prize i
 n Physiology or Medicine 1948\, announced October 28\, 1948.\nPaul Müller
 \, “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison 
 against several arthropods”.\nPaul Müller: born 1899\, Olten\, Switzerl
 and.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hermann_Müller\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Paul Müller
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1949-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19491103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19491104
DESCRIPTION:William Francis Giauque was a Canadian-born American chemist an
 d Nobel laureate. He was recognized in 1949\, for his studies in the prope
 rties of matter\, at temperatures close to absolute zero. He spent virtual
 ly all of his educational and professional career at the University of Cal
 ifornia\, Berkeley.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949\, announced Novem
 ber 3\, 1949.\nWilliam F. Giauque\, “for his contributions in the field 
 of chemical thermodynamics\, particularly concerning the behaviour of subs
 tances at extremely low temperatures”.\nWilliam F. Giauque: born 1895\, 
 Niagara Falls\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Giauque\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · William F. Giauque
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1949-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19501110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19501111
DESCRIPTION:William Cuthbert Faulkner was an American writer. He is best kn
 own for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha Co
 unty\, Mississippi\, a stand-in for Lafayette County where he spent most o
 f his life. Winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature\, Faulkner is one
  of the most celebrated writers of American literature\, often considered 
 the greatest writer of Southern literature and regarded as one of the most
  influential and important writers of the 20th century.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Literature 1949\, announced November 10\, 1950.\nWilliam Faulkner\, 
 “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern Ame
 rican novel”.\nWilliam Faulkner: born 1897\, New Albany\, MS\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · William Faulkner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1949-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19491012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19491013
DESCRIPTION:John Boyd Orr\, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr\,\, styled Sir John Boyd Orr
  from 1935 to 1949\, was a British teacher\, medical doctor\, biologist\, 
 nutritional physiologist\, politician\, businessman and farmer who was awa
 rded the Nobel Peace Prize for his scientific research into nutrition and 
 his work as the first Director-General of the United Nations Food and Agri
 culture Organization (FAO).\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1949\, announced Octo
 ber 12\, 1949.\nLord Boyd Orr\, “for his lifelong effort to conquer hung
 er and want\, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict
  and war”.\nLord Boyd Orr: born 1880\, Kilmaurs\, Scotland.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr\,_1st_Baron_Boyd-Orr\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Lord Boyd Orr
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1949-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19491103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19491104
DESCRIPTION:Hideki Yukawa was a Japanese theoretical physicist who received
  the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1949 "for his prediction of the existence o
 f mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces."\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physics 1949\, announced November 3\, 1949.\nHideki Yukawa\, “
 for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical 
 work on nuclear forces”.\nHideki Yukawa: born 1907\, Tokyo\, Japan.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (
 CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Hideki Yukawa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1949-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19491027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19491028
DESCRIPTION:Walter Rudolf Hess was a Swiss physiologist who won the Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for mapping the areas of the brain 
 involved in the control of internal organs. He shared the prize with Egas 
 Moniz.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949\, announced Octob
 er 27\, 1949.\nWalter Hess (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the functional 
 organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the i
 nternal organs”.\nEgas Moniz (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the therape
 utic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses”.\nWalter Hess: born 1881\,
  Frauenfeld\, Switzerland.\nEgas Moniz: born 1874\, Avanca\, Portugal.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/António_Egas_Moniz\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Walter Hess and Egas Moniz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1950-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19501110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19501111
DESCRIPTION:Otto Paul Hermann Diels was a German chemist. His most notable 
 work was done with Kurt Alder on the Diels–Alder reaction\, a method for
  cyclohexene synthesis. The pair was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 
 in 1950 for their work. Their method of synthesizing cyclic organic compou
 nds proved valuable for the manufacture of synthetic rubber and plastic. H
 e completed his education at the University of Berlin\, where he later wor
 ked. Diels was employed at the University of Kiel when he completed his No
 bel Prize-winning work\, and remained there until he retired in 1945. Diel
 s was married\, with five children.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950\,
  announced November 10\, 1950.\nOtto Diels and Kurt Alder\, “for their d
 iscovery and development of the diene synthesis”.\nOtto Diels: born 1876
 \, Hamburg\, Germany.\nKurt Alder: born 1902\, Königshütte\, Prussia (no
 w Chorzów\, Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Diels\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Alder\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Otto Diels and Kurt Alder
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1950-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19501110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19501111
DESCRIPTION:Bertrand Arthur William Russell\, 3rd Earl Russell\, was an Eng
 lish mathematician and philosopher. A founder of analytic philosophy\, he 
 was a leading philosopher of the 20th century who produced pioneering work
  in logic\, set theory\, and philosophy of language. Russell popularised p
 hilosophy to the general public and was a controversial figure for his out
 spoken atheism\, pacifism\, and opposition to nuclear weapons. Despite his
  extensive contributions to mathematics\, Russell was more known to the pu
 blic for his books and commentary on several social and political issues.\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1950\, announced November 10\, 1950.\nBer
 trand Russell\, “in recognition of his varied and significant writings i
 n which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”.\nBertr
 and Russell: born 1872\, Trelleck\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Bertrand Russell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1950-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19500922
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19500923
DESCRIPTION:Ralph Johnson Bunche was an American political scientist and di
 plomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediatio
 n in the Arab–Israeli conflict. He was the first Black Nobel laureate. H
 e was also involved in the formation and early administration of the Unite
 d Nations\, serving as the under‑secretary‑general and briefly the act
 ing secretary-general in 1953\, and played a major role in both the decolo
 nization process and numerous United Nations peacekeeping operations.\n\nT
 he Nobel Peace Prize 1950\, announced September 22\, 1950.\nRalph Bunche\,
  “for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949”.\nRalph Bunche: 
 born 1904\, Detroit\, MI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bun
 che\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Ralph Bunche
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1950-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19501110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19501111
DESCRIPTION:Cecil Frank Powell was a British experimental physicist who rec
 eived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1950 for heading the team that develop
 ed the photographic method of studying nuclear processes\, and for the res
 ulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 195
 0\, announced November 10\, 1950.\nCecil Powell\, “for his development o
 f the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoverie
 s regarding mesons made with this method”.\nCecil Powell: born 1903\, To
 nbridge\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Powell\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Cecil Powell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1950-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19501026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19501027
DESCRIPTION:Edward Calvin Kendall was an American biochemist. In 1950\, Ken
 dall was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine along with Swi
 ss chemist Tadeusz Reichstein and Mayo Clinic physician Philip S. Hench\, 
 for their work with the hormones of the adrenal glands. Kendall not only r
 esearched the adrenal glands\, he also isolated thyroxine\, a hormone of t
 he thyroid gland and worked with the team that crystallized glutathione an
 d identified its chemical structure.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or M
 edicine 1950\, announced October 26\, 1950.\nEdward C. Kendall\, Tadeus Re
 ichstein\, and Philip S. Hench\, “for their discoveries relating to the 
 hormones of the adrenal cortex\, their structure and biological effects”
 .\nEdward C. Kendall: born 1886\, South Norwalk\, CT\, USA.\nTadeus Reichs
 tein: born 1897\, Wloclawek\, Poland.\nPhilip S. Hench: born 1896\, Pittsb
 urgh\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Philip_Showalter_Hench\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Edward C. Kendall\, Tadeus Reichstein\, and Philip
  S. Hench
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013458Z
UID:nobel-1951-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19511115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19511116
DESCRIPTION:Edwin Mattison McMillan was an American physicist credited with
  being the first to produce a transuranium element\, neptunium. For this\,
  he shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Chemistry 1951\, announced November 15\, 1951.\nEdwin M. McMi
 llan and Glenn T. Seaborg\, “for their discoveries in the chemistry of t
 he transuranium elements”.\nEdwin M. McMillan: born 1907\, Redondo Beach
 \, CA\, USA.\nGlenn T. Seaborg: born 1912\, Ishpeming\, MI\, USA.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_McMillan\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gle
 nn_T._Seaborg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1951-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19511115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19511116
DESCRIPTION:Pär Fabian Lagerkvist was a Swedish author who received the 19
 51 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1951\, anno
 unced November 15\, 1951.\nPär Lagerkvist\, “for the artistic vigour an
 d true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find
  answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”.\nPär Lagerkvist
 : born 1891\, Växjö\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pär_Lage
 rkvist\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Pär Lagerkvist
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1951-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19511105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19511106
DESCRIPTION:Léon Jouhaux was a French trade union leader who received the 
 Nobel Peace Prize in 1951.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1951\, announced Novem
 ber 5\, 1951.\nLéon Jouhaux\, “for having devoted his life to the fight
  against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among
  men and nations”.\nLéon Jouhaux: born 1879\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Jouhaux\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Léon Jouhaux
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1951-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19511115
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19511116
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Douglas Cockcroft was a British experimental physicist
  who shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ernest Walton for their s
 plitting of the atomic nucleus\, which led to the development of nuclear p
 ower and weapons.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1951\, announced November 
 15\, 1951.\nJohn Cockcroft and Ernest T.S. Walton\, “for their pioneer w
 ork on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atom
 ic particles”.\nJohn Cockcroft: born 1897\, Todmorden\, United Kingdom.\
 nErnest T.S. Walton: born 1903\, Dungarvan\, Ireland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Walton\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · John Cockcroft and Ernest T.S. Walton
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1951-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19511018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19511019
DESCRIPTION:Max Theiler was a South African-American virologist and physici
 an. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for d
 eveloping a vaccine against yellow fever in 1937\, becoming the first Afri
 can-born Nobel laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951
 \, announced October 18\, 1951.\nMax Theiler\, “for his discoveries conc
 erning yellow fever and how to combat it”.\nMax Theiler: born 1899\, Pre
 toria\, South Africa.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Theiler\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Max Theiler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1952-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19521106
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19521107
DESCRIPTION:Archer John Porter Martin was an English chemist who shared the
  1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of partition chromatograp
 hy with Richard Synge.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952\, announced No
 vember 6\, 1952.\nArcher J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge\, “for their
  invention of partition chromatography”.\nArcher J.P. Martin: born 1910\
 , London\, United Kingdom.\nRichard L.M. Synge: born 1914\, Liverpool\, Un
 ited Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_John_Porter_Martin\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1952-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19521106
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19521107
DESCRIPTION:François Charles Mauriac was a French novelist\, dramatist\, c
 ritic\, poet\, and journalist\, a member of the Académie française\, and
  laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Gran
 d Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature
  1952\, announced November 6\, 1952.\nFrançois Mauriac\, “for the deep 
 spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his nove
 ls penetrated the drama of human life”.\nFrançois Mauriac: born 1885\, 
 Bordeaux\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mauriac\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · François Mauriac
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1952-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531031
DESCRIPTION:Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer was a German polymath from Als
 ace. He was a theologian\, organist\, musicologist\, writer\, humanitarian
 \, philosopher\, and physician. As a Lutheran minister\, Schweitzer challe
 nged both the secular view of the historical Jesus as depicted by the hist
 orical-critical method current at this time\, as well as the traditional C
 hristian view. His contributions to the interpretation of Pauline Christia
 nity concern the role of Paul's mysticism of "being in Christ" as primary 
 and the doctrine of justification by faith as secondary.\n\nThe Nobel Peac
 e Prize 1952\, announced October 30\, 1953.\nAlbert Schweitzer\, “for hi
 s altruism\, reverence for life\, and tireless humanitarian work which has
  helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living on
 e”.\nAlbert Schweitzer: born 1875\, Kaysersberg\, Germany (now France).\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Albert Schweitzer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1952-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19521106
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19521107
DESCRIPTION:Felix Bloch was a Swiss–American theoretical physicist who sh
 ared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics with Edward Mills Purcell "for their 
 development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and
  discoveries in connection therewith."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1952\
 , announced November 6\, 1952.\nFelix Bloch and E. M. Purcell\, “for the
 ir development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements 
 and discoveries in connection therewith”.\nFelix Bloch: born 1905\, Zuri
 ch\, Switzerland.\nE. M. Purcell: born 1912\, Taylorville\, IL\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Bloch\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed
 ward_Mills_Purcell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Felix Bloch and E. M. Purcell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1952-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19521023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19521024
DESCRIPTION:Selman Abraham Waksman was a Russian-born American inventor\, b
 iochemist and microbiologist\, whose research into the decomposition of or
 ganisms that live in soil enabled the discovery of streptomycin and severa
 l other antibiotics. For his work he won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiolog
 y or Medicine.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952\, announc
 ed October 23\, 1952.\nSelman A. Waksman\, “for his discovery of strepto
 mycin\, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”.\nSelman A.
  Waksman: born 1888\, Priluka\, Russian Empire (now Nova Pryluka\, Ukraine
 ).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Waksman\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Selman A. Waksman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1953-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531104
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531105
DESCRIPTION:Hermann Staudinger was a German organic chemist who demonstrate
 d the existence of macromolecules\, which he characterized as polymers. Fo
 r this work he received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Chemistry 1953\, announced November 4\, 1953.\nHermann Staudinger\,
  “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”.\nHerm
 ann Staudinger: born 1881\, Worms\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Hermann_Staudinger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Hermann Staudinger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1953-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531016
DESCRIPTION:Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman\,
  military officer\, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdo
 m from 1940 to 1945\, during the Second World War\, and again from 1951 to
  1955. For some 62 of the years between 1900 and 1964\, he was a member of
  Parliament (MP) and represented a total of five constituencies over that 
 time. Ideologically an adherent to economic liberalism and imperialism\, h
 e was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party\, which he
  led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 
 1924.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1953\, announced October 15\, 1953.
 \nWinston Churchill\, “for his mastery of historical and biographical de
 scription as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human valu
 es”.\nWinston Churchill: born 1874\, Woodstock\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Winston Churchill
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1953-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531031
DESCRIPTION:General of the Army George Catlett Marshall Jr. was an American
  military officer and diplomat. He rose through the United States Army to 
 become Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army under presidents Franklin D. Roosev
 elt and Harry S. Truman\, then served as Secretary of State and Secretary 
 of Defense under Truman. Winston Churchill lauded Marshall as the "organiz
 er of victory" for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. D
 uring the subsequent year\, he unsuccessfully tried to prevent the continu
 ation of the Chinese Civil War. As Secretary of State\, Marshall advocated
  for a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recover
 y\, including the Marshall Plan that bore his name. In recognition of this
  work\, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953\, the only Army gener
 al ever to receive the honor.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1953\, announced Oc
 tober 30\, 1953.\nGeorge C. Marshall\, “for proposing and supervising th
 e plan for the economic recovery of Europe”.\nGeorge C. Marshall: born 1
 880\, Uniontown\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marsha
 ll\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · George C. Marshall
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1953-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531104
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531105
DESCRIPTION:Frederik "Frits" Zernike was a Dutch physicist who received the
  Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast mi
 croscope.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1953\, announced November 4\, 1953
 .\nFrits Zernike\, “for his demonstration of the phase contrast method\,
  especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”.\nFrits 
 Zernike: born 1888\, Amsterdam\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Frits_Zernike\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Frits Zernike
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1953-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531022
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19531023
DESCRIPTION:Sir Hans Adolf Krebs\, FRS was a German-British biologist\, phy
 sician and biochemist. He was a pioneer scientist in the study of cellular
  respiration\, a biochemical process in living cells that extracts energy 
 from food and oxygen and makes it available to drive the processes of life
 . He is best known for his discoveries of two important sequences of chemi
 cal reactions that take place in the cells of nearly all organisms\, inclu
 ding humans\, other than anaerobic microorganisms\, namely the citric acid
  cycle and the urea cycle. The former\, often eponymously known as the "Kr
 ebs cycle"\, is the sequence of metabolic reactions that allows cells of o
 xygen-respiring organisms to obtain far more ATP from the food they consum
 e than anaerobic processes such as glycolysis can supply\; and its discove
 ry earned Krebs a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953. With Hans
  Kornberg\, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle\, a slight variation o
 f the citric acid cycle found in plants\, bacteria\, protists\, and fungi.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953\, announced October 22\
 , 1953.\nHans Krebs (1/2)\, “for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
 ”.\nFritz Lipmann (1/2)\, “for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its im
 portance for intermediary metabolism”.\nHans Krebs: born 1900\, Hildeshe
 im\, Germany.\nFritz Lipmann: born 1899\, Koenigsberg\, Germany (now Kalin
 ingrad\, Russia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Hans Krebs and Fritz Lipmann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1954-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19541103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19541104
DESCRIPTION:Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist and peace activist. 
 He published more than 1\,200 papers and books\, of which about 850 dealt 
 with scientific topics. Scientific American called him one of the 20 great
 est scientists of all time. For his scientific work\, Pauling was awarded 
 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism\, he was awar
 ded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of five people to have won mo
 re than one Nobel Prize. Of these\, he is the only person to have been awa
 rded two unshared Nobel Prizes\, and one of two people to be awarded Nobel
  Prizes in different fields\, the other being Marie Curie.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Chemistry 1954\, announced November 3\, 1954.\nLinus Pauling\, “f
 or his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application t
 o the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”.\nLinus Paulin
 g: born 1901\, Portland\, OR\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus
 _Pauling\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Linus Pauling
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1954-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19541028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19541029
DESCRIPTION:Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist\, short-story 
 writer\, and journalist. Known for an economical\, understated style that 
 influenced later 20th-century writers\, he has been romanticized for his a
 dventurous lifestyle and outspoken\, blunt public image. Some of his seven
  novels\, six short-story collections and two non-fiction works have becom
 e classics of American literature\, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Priz
 e in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1954\, announced October
  28\, 1954.\nErnest Hemingway\, “for his mastery of the art of narrative
 \, most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea\,</I> and for 
 the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”.\nErnest Heming
 way: born 1899\, Oak Park\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern
 est_Hemingway\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Ernest Hemingway
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1954-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19551105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19551106
DESCRIPTION:The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees\,
  forcibly displaced communities\, and stateless people\, and to assist in 
 their voluntary repatriation\, local integration or resettlement to a thir
 d country. It is headquartered in Geneva\, Switzerland\, and has 20\,305 s
 taff working in 136 countries as of December 2023.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Priz
 e 1954\, announced November 5\, 1955.\nOffice of the United Nations High C
 ommissioner for Refugees\, “for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by
  providing help and protection to refugees all over the world”.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
  Refugees
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1954-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19541103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19541104
DESCRIPTION:Max Born was a German–British theoretical physicist who was i
 nstrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contribu
 tions to solid-state physics and optics\, and supervised the work of a num
 ber of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. He shared the 1954 Nobel
  Prize in Physics with Walther Bothe "for his fundamental research in quan
 tum mechanics\, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavef
 unction."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1954\, announced November 3\, 1954
 .\nMax Born (1/2)\, “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics\,
  especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”.\nWa
 lther Bothe (1/2)\, “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made
  therewith”.\nMax Born: born 1882\, Breslau\, Germany (now Wroclaw\, Pol
 and).\nWalther Bothe: born 1891\, Oranienburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Max Born and Walther Bothe
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1954-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19541021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19541022
DESCRIPTION:John Franklin Enders was an American biomedical scientist and N
 obel Laureate. Enders has been called "The Father of Modern Vaccines."\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954\, announced October 21\, 19
 54.\nJohn F. Enders\, Thomas H. Weller\, and Frederick C. Robbins\, “for
  their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultur
 es of various types of tissue”.\nJohn F. Enders: born 1897\, West Hartfo
 rd\, CT\, USA.\nThomas H. Weller: born 1915\, Ann Arbor\, MI\, USA.\nFrede
 rick C. Robbins: born 1916\, Auburn\, AL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_W
 eller\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · John F. Enders\, Thomas H. Weller\, and Frederick 
 C. Robbins
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1955-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19551102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19551103
DESCRIPTION:Vincent du Vigneaud was an American biochemist. He was recipien
 t of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on biochemically impo
 rtant sulphur compounds\, especially for the first synthesis of a polypept
 ide hormone\," a reference to his work on the peptide hormone oxytocin.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955\, announced November 2\, 1955.\nVincent
  du Vigneaud\, “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compound
 s\, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”.\nVince
 nt du Vigneaud: born 1901\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Vincent du Vigneaud
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1955-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19551027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19551028
DESCRIPTION:Halldór Kiljan Laxness was an Icelandic writer and winner of t
 he 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature. He wrote novels\, poetry\, newspaper ar
 ticles\, essays\, plays\, travelogues and short stories. Writers who influ
 enced Laxness include August Strindberg\, Sigmund Freud\, Knut Hamsun\, Si
 nclair Lewis\, Upton Sinclair\, Bertolt Brecht\, and Ernest Hemingway.\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955\, announced October 27\, 1955.\nHalldó
 r Laxness\, “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrat
 ive art of Iceland”.\nHalldór Laxness: born 1902\, Reykjavik\, Iceland.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldór_Laxness\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Halldór Laxness
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1955-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19551102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19551103
DESCRIPTION:Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. was an American physicist who was able t
 o precisely determine a surprising shift in electron energies in a hydroge
 n atom\, known as the Lamb shift. For this work\, Lamb shared the 1955 Nob
 el Prize in Physics with Polykarp Kusch. He was a professor at the Univers
 ity of Arizona College of Optical Sciences.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 
 1955\, announced November 2\, 1955.\nWillis E. Lamb (1/2)\, “for his dis
 coveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”.\nPolyk
 arp Kusch (1/2)\, “for his precision determination of the magnetic momen
 t of the electron”.\nWillis E. Lamb: born 1913\, Los Angeles\, CA\, USA.
 \nPolykarp Kusch: born 1911\, Blankenburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Willis_Lamb\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Willis E. Lamb and Polykarp Kusch
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1955-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19551020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19551021
DESCRIPTION:Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell was a Swedish scientist and Nobel Pr
 ize laureate in medicine.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 195
 5\, announced October 20\, 1955.\nHugo Theorell\, “for his discoveries c
 oncerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”.\nHugo The
 orell: born 1903\, Linköping\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
 ugo_Theorell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Hugo Theorell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1956-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19561101
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19561102
DESCRIPTION:Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood was a British physical chemist and
  expert in chemical kinetics. His work in reaction mechanisms earned the 1
 956 Nobel Prize in chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956\, annou
 nced November 1\, 1956.\nSir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolay Semenov\, “fo
 r their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”.\nSir Cyril
  Hinshelwood: born 1897\, London\, United Kingdom.\nNikolay Semenov: born 
 1896\, Saratov\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hin
 shelwood\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolay Semenov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1956-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19561025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19561026
DESCRIPTION:Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón was a Spanish poet\, a prolific 
 writer who received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his lyrical po
 etry\, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit
  and artistic purity". One of Jiménez's most important contributions to m
 odern poetry was his advocacy of the concept of "pure poetry".\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Literature 1956\, announced October 25\, 1956.\nJuan Ramón Jim
 énez\, “for his lyrical poetry\, which in Spanish language constitutes 
 an example of high spirit and artistical purity”.\nJuan Ramón Jiménez:
  born 1881\, Moguer\, Spain.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ramón_
 Jiménez\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Juan Ramón Jiménez
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1956-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19561101
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19561102
DESCRIPTION:William Bradford Shockley was an American physicist. He was the
  manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and W
 alter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel P
 rize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discover
 y of the transistor effect."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1956\, announce
 d November 1\, 1956.\nWilliam B. Shockley\, John Bardeen\, and Walter H. B
 rattain\, “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of
  the transistor effect”.\nWilliam B. Shockley: born 1910\, London\, Unit
 ed Kingdom.\nJohn Bardeen: born 1908\, Madison\, WI\, USA.\nWalter H. Brat
 tain: born 1902\, Amoy\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S
 hockley\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · William B. Shockley\, John Bardeen\, and Walter H
 . Brattain
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1956-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19561018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19561019
DESCRIPTION:André Frédéric Cournand was a French-American physician and 
 physiologist.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956\, announce
 d October 18\, 1956.\nAndré F. Cournand\, Werner Forssmann\, and Dickinso
 n W. Richards\, “for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization 
 and pathological changes in the circulatory system”.\nAndré F. Cournand
 : born 1895\, Paris\, France.\nWerner Forssmann: born 1904\, Berlin\, Germ
 any.\nDickinson W. Richards: born 1895\, Orange\, NJ\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Frédéric_Cournand\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Werner_Forssmann\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · André F. Cournand\, Werner Forssmann\, and Dickin
 son W. Richards
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1957-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19571031
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19571101
DESCRIPTION:Alexander Robertus Todd\, Baron Todd was a British biochemist w
 hose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides\, nucleosides\
 , and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 195
 7.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957\, announced October 31\, 1957.\nLo
 rd Todd\, “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”.\nLo
 rd Todd: born 1907\, Glasgow\, Scotland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Alexander_R._Todd\,_Baron_Todd\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Lord Todd
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1957-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19571017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19571018
DESCRIPTION:Albert Camus was a French philosopher\, writer\, and political 
 activist. He was the recipient of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature at th
 e age of 44\, the second-youngest recipient in history\, and the first lau
 reate in literature born in Africa. His works include The Stranger\, The P
 lague\, The Myth of Sisyphus\, The Fall and The Rebel.\n\nThe Nobel Prize 
 in Literature 1957\, announced October 17\, 1957.\nAlbert Camus\, “for h
 is important literary production\, which with clear-sighted earnestness il
 luminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”.\nAlbert Ca
 mus: born 1913\, Mondovi\, French Algeria (now Algeria).\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Albert Camus
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1957-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19571003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19571004
DESCRIPTION:Lester Bowles Pearson was a Canadian politician\, diplomat\, an
 d scholar who served as the 14th prime minister of Canada from 1963 to 196
 8. He also served as leader of the Liberal Party from 1958 to 1968 and as 
 leader of the Official Opposition from 1958 to 1963.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Pr
 ize 1957\, announced October 3\, 1957.\nLester Bowles Pearson\, “for his
  crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Forc
 e in the wake of the Suez Crisis”.\nLester Bowles Pearson: born 1897\, T
 oronto\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Lester Bowles Pearson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1957-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19571031
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19571101
DESCRIPTION:Yang Chen-Ning also known as C.N. Yang and Franklin Yang\, was 
 a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who made significant contribution
 s to statistical mechanics\, integrable systems\, gauge theory\, particle 
 physics and condensed matter physics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1957\,
  announced October 31\, 1957.\nChen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee\, “for t
 heir penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led 
 to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”.\nChen Ning
  Yang: born 1922\, Hofei\, Anhwei\, China.\nTsung-Dao Lee: born 1926\, Sha
 nghai\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1957-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19571024
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19571025
DESCRIPTION:Daniel Bovet was a Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist who won th
 e 1957 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of drugs th
 at block the actions of specific neurotransmitters. He is best known for h
 is discovery in 1937 of antihistamines\, which block the neurotransmitter 
 histamine and are used in allergy medication. His other research included 
 work on chemotherapy\, sulfa drugs\, the sympathetic nervous system\, the 
 pharmacology of curare\, and other neuropharmacological interests.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957\, announced October 24\, 1957.\
 nDaniel Bovet\, “for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds tha
 t inhibit the action of certain body substances\, and especially their act
 ion on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”.\nDaniel Bovet: bor
 n 1907\, Neuchâtel\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel
 _Bovet\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Daniel Bovet
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1958-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581029
DESCRIPTION:Frederick Sanger was a British biochemist who received the Nobe
 l Prize in Chemistry twice.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958\, announc
 ed October 28\, 1958.\nFrederick Sanger\, “for his work on the structure
  of proteins\, especially that of insulin”.\nFrederick Sanger: born 1918
 \, Rendcombe\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_
 Sanger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Frederick Sanger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1958-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581029
DESCRIPTION:Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Russian and Soviet poet\, nov
 elist\, and literary translator.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1958\, a
 nnounced October 28\, 1958.\nBoris Pasternak\, “for his important achiev
 ement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Ru
 ssian epic tradition”.\nBoris Pasternak: born 1890\, Moscow\, Russia.\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternak\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Boris Pasternak
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1958-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581110
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581111
DESCRIPTION:Dominique Pire\, O.P. was a Belgian Dominican friar whose work 
 helping refugees in post-World War II Europe saw him receive the Nobel Pea
 ce Prize in 1958. Pire delivered his Nobel lecture\, entitled Brotherly Lo
 ve: Foundation of Peace\, in December 1958.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1958\
 , announced November 10\, 1958.\nGeorges Pire\, “for his efforts to help
  refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity
 ”.\nGeorges Pire: born 1910\, Dinant\, Belgium.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Dominique_Pire\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Georges Pire
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1958-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581028
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581029
DESCRIPTION:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov was a Soviet physicist who shared 
 the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm "for the dis
 covery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Physics 1958\, announced October 28\, 1958.\nPavel A. Cherenkov\, Il´ja M
 . Frank\, and Igor Y. Tamm\, “for the discovery and the interpretation o
 f the Cherenkov effect”.\nPavel A. Cherenkov: born 1904\, Novaya Chigla\
 , Russia.\nIl´ja M. Frank: born 1908\, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg)\, R
 ussia.\nIgor Y. Tamm: born 1895\, Vladivostok\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Frank\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Tamm\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Pavel A. Cherenkov\, Il´ja M. Frank\, and Igor Y
 . Tamm
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1958-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581031
DESCRIPTION:George Wells Beadle was an American geneticist. In 1958 he shar
 ed one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum
  for their discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical events
  within cells. He served as the 7th president of the University of Chicago
  from 1961 to 1968.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958\, an
 nounced October 30\, 1958.\nGeorge Beadle (1/4)\, “for their discovery t
 hat genes act by regulating definite chemical events”.\nEdward Tatum (1/
 4)\, “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical
  events”.\nJoshua Lederberg (1/2)\, “for his discoveries concerning ge
 netic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacter
 ia”.\nGeorge Beadle: born 1903\, Wahoo\, NE\, USA.\nEdward Tatum: born 1
 909\, Boulder\, CO\, USA.\nJoshua Lederberg: born 1925\, Montclair\, NJ\, 
 USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_L
 ederberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · George Beadle\, Edward Tatum\, and Joshua Lederber
 g
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1959-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19591026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19591027
DESCRIPTION:Jaroslav Heyrovský was a Czech chemist and inventor who receiv
 ed the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959 for his invention of polarography.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959\, announced October 26\, 1959.\nJaro
 slav Heyrovsky\, “for his discovery and development of the polarographic
  methods of analysis”.\nJaroslav Heyrovsky: born 1890\, Prague\, Austria
 -Hungary (now Czech Republic).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_H
 eyrovský\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Jaroslav Heyrovsky
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1959-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19591022
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19591023
DESCRIPTION:Salvatore Quasimodo was an Italian poet and translator\, awarde
 d the 1959 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his lyrical poetry\, which with 
 classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times". 
 Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale\, he was one of the fore
 most Italian poets of the 20th century.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1
 959\, announced October 22\, 1959.\nSalvatore Quasimodo\, “for his lyric
 al poetry\, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of l
 ife in our own times”.\nSalvatore Quasimodo: born 1901\, Modica\, Italy.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Salvatore Quasimodo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1959-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19591105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19591106
DESCRIPTION:Philip John Noel-Baker\, Baron Noel-Baker was a British politic
 ian\, diplomat\, academic\, athlete\, and renowned campaigner for disarmam
 ent. He carried the British team flag and won a silver medal for the 1500m
  run at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp\, and received the Nobel Peace
  Prize in 1959.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1959\, announced November 5\, 195
 9.\nPhilip Noel-Baker\, “for his longstanding contribution to the cause 
 of disarmament and peace”.\nPhilip Noel-Baker: born 1889\, London\, Unit
 ed Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker\,_Baron_Noe
 l-Baker\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Philip Noel-Baker
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1959-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19591026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19591027
DESCRIPTION:Emilio Gino Segrè was an Italian-American nuclear physicist an
 d radiochemist who discovered the elements technetium and astatine\, and t
 he antiproton\, a subatomic antiparticle\, for which he was awarded the No
 bel Prize in Physics in 1959\, along with Owen Chamberlain.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1959\, announced October 26\, 1959.\nEmilio Segrè and Owe
 n Chamberlain\, “for their discovery of the antiproton”.\nEmilio Segr
 è: born 1905\, Tivoli\, Italy.\nOwen Chamberlain: born 1920\, San Francis
 co\, CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G._Segrè\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1959-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19591015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19591016
DESCRIPTION:Severo Ochoa de Albornoz was a Spanish physician and biochemist
 \, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together w
 ith Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of "the mechanisms in the biologic
 al synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physio
 logy or Medicine 1959\, announced October 15\, 1959.\nSevero Ochoa and Art
 hur Kornberg\, “for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological 
 synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”.\nSevero Ochoa:
  born 1905\, Luarca\, Spain.\nArthur Kornberg: born 1918\, Brooklyn\, NY\,
  USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severo_Ochoa\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1960-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19601103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19601104
DESCRIPTION:Willard Frank Libby was an American physical chemist noted for 
 his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating\, a process which r
 evolutionized archaeology and palaeontology. For his contributions to the 
 team that developed this process\, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Ch
 emistry in 1960.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960\, announced November
  3\, 1960.\nWillard F. Libby\, “for his method to use carbon-14 for age 
 determination in archaeology\, geology\, geophysics\, and other branches o
 f science”.\nWillard F. Libby: born 1908\, Grand Valley\, CO\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Libby\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (
 CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Willard F. Libby
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1960-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19601026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19601027
DESCRIPTION:Alexis Leger\, better known by his pseudonym Saint-John Perse\,
  was a French poet\, writer and diplomat\, awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in
  Literature "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetr
 y which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time".\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Literature 1960\, announced October 26\, 1960.\nSaint-Joh
 n Perse\, “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetr
 y which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”.\nSa
 int-John Perse: born 1887\, Pointe-à-Pitre\, Guadeloupe\, France.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-John_Perse\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (
 CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Saint-John Perse
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1960-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611024
DESCRIPTION:Albert John Luthuli was a South African anti-apartheid activist
 \, traditional leader\, and politician who served as the President-General
  of the African National Congress from 1952 until his assassination in 196
 7.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1960\, announced October 23\, 1961.\nAlbert Lu
 tuli\, “for his non-violent struggle against apartheid”.\nAlbert Lutul
 i: born 1898\, Bulawayo\, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lutuli\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Albert Lutuli
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1960-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19601103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19601104
DESCRIPTION:Donald Arthur Glaser was an American physicist and biologist wh
 o received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960 for his invention of the bub
 ble chamber.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1960\, announced November 3\, 1
 960.\nDonald A. Glaser\, “for the invention of the bubble chamber”.\nD
 onald A. Glaser: born 1926\, Cleveland\, OH\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Donald A. Glaser
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1960-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19601020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19601021
DESCRIPTION:Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet\, usually known as Macfarlane or Ma
 c Burnet\, was an Australian virologist known for his contributions to imm
 unology. He won a Nobel Prize in 1960 for predicting acquired immune toler
 ance. He also developed the theory of clonal selection.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Physiology or Medicine 1960\, announced October 20\, 1960.\nSir Frank 
 Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar\, “for discovery of acquired immunol
 ogical tolerance”.\nSir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: born 1899\, Traralgon\,
  Australia.\nPeter Medawar: born 1915\, Rio de Janeiro\, Brazil.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Peter_Medawar\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1961-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611103
DESCRIPTION:Melvin Ellis Calvin was an American biochemist known for discov
 ering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham. He was 
 awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research on the carbon 
 dioxide assimilation in plants". He spent most of his five-decade career a
 t the University of California\, Berkeley.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry
  1961\, announced November 2\, 1961.\nMelvin Calvin\, “for his research 
 on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”.\nMelvin Calvin: born 1911
 \, St. Paul\, MN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Calvin\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Melvin Calvin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1961-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611027
DESCRIPTION:Ivo Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist\, poet and short story writ
 er who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. His writings dealt mainl
 y with life in his native Bosnia under Ottoman rule.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in
  Literature 1961\, announced October 26\, 1961.\nIvo Andrić\, “for the 
 epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies dr
 awn from the history of his country”.\nIvo Andrić: born 1892\, Dolac\, 
 Bosnia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_
 Andrić\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Ivo Andrić
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1961-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611024
DESCRIPTION:Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld was a Swedish economist and
  diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations
  from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in September 1961. As of
  2026\, he remains the youngest person to have held the post\, having been
  47 years old when he was elected. He was a son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld\,
  who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917.\n\nThe Nobel Pe
 ace Prize 1961\, announced October 23\, 1961.\nDag Hammarskjöld\, “for 
 developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organiz
 ation\, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the
  UN Charter”.\nDag Hammarskjöld: born 1905\, Jönköping\, Sweden.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Dag Hammarskjöld
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1961-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611103
DESCRIPTION:Robert Hofstadter was an American physicist. He was the joint w
 inner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering studies of el
 ectron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries conc
 erning the structure of nucleons".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1961\, an
 nounced November 2\, 1961.\nRobert Hofstadter (1/2)\, “for his pioneerin
 g studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achi
 eved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”.\nRudolf Mös
 sbauer (1/2)\, “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption o
 f gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which
  bears his name”.\nRobert Hofstadter: born 1915\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n
 Rudolf Mössbauer: born 1929\, Munich\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Mössbauer
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Robert Hofstadter and Rudolf Mössbauer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1961-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19611019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19611020
DESCRIPTION:Georg von Békésy was a Hungarian-American biophysicist.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961\, announced October 19\, 1961
 .\nGeorg von Békésy\, “for his discoveries of the physical mechanism o
 f stimulation within the cochlea”.\nGeorg von Békésy: born 1899\, Buda
 pest\, Hungary.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Békésy\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Georg von Békésy
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1962-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19621101
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19621102
DESCRIPTION:Max Ferdinand Perutz was an Austrian-born British molecular bio
 logist\, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew\,
  for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin. He went
  on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Med
 al in 1979. At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The MRC Labora
 tory of Molecular Biology (LMB)\, fourteen of whose scientists have won No
 bel Prizes.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962\, announced November 1\, 
 1962.\nMax F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew\, “for their studies of the str
 uctures of globular proteins”.\nMax F. Perutz: born 1914\, Vienna\, Aust
 ria.\nJohn C. Kendrew: born 1917\, Oxford\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perutz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kendrew\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1962-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19621005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19621006
DESCRIPTION:John Ernst Steinbeck was an American writer and novelist. He wo
 n the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his realistic and imaginative wr
 itings\, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception
 ". He has been called "a giant of American letters". One of the most widel
 y read authors of the 20th century\, he was also an independent journalist
  and war correspondent during World War II and the Vietnam War.\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Literature 1962\, announced October 5\, 1962.\nJohn Steinbeck\
 , “for his realistic and imaginative writings\, combining as they do sym
 pathetic humour and keen social perception”.\nJohn Steinbeck: born 1902\
 , Salinas\, CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · John Steinbeck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1962-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631011
DESCRIPTION:Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist and peace activist. 
 He published more than 1\,200 papers and books\, of which about 850 dealt 
 with scientific topics. Scientific American called him one of the 20 great
 est scientists of all time. For his scientific work\, Pauling was awarded 
 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism\, he was awar
 ded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of five people to have won mo
 re than one Nobel Prize. Of these\, he is the only person to have been awa
 rded two unshared Nobel Prizes\, and one of two people to be awarded Nobel
  Prizes in different fields\, the other being Marie Curie.\n\nThe Nobel Pe
 ace Prize 1962\, announced October 10\, 1963.\nLinus Pauling\, “for his 
 fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West”.\nLinus Pauli
 ng: born 1901\, Portland\, OR\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linu
 s_Pauling\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Linus Pauling
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1962-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19621101
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19621102
DESCRIPTION:Lev Davidovich Landau was a Soviet physicist who made fundament
 al contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. He was considered a
 s one of the last scientists who were universally well-versed and made sem
 inal contributions to all branches of physics. He is credited with laying 
 the foundations of twentieth century condensed matter physics\, and is als
 o considered arguably the greatest Soviet theoretical physicist.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Physics 1962\, announced November 1\, 1962.\nLev Landau\, “
 for his pioneering theories for condensed matter\, especially liquid heliu
 m”.\nLev Landau: born 1908\, Baku\, Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan).\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Lev Landau
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1962-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19621018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19621019
DESCRIPTION:Francis Harry Compton Crick was an English molecular biologist\
 , biophysicist\, and neuroscientist. He\, James Watson\, Rosalind Franklin
 \, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical str
 ucture of the DNA molecule.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1
 962\, announced October 18\, 1962.\nFrancis Crick\, James Watson\, and Mau
 rice Wilkins\, “for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure
  of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living 
 material”.\nFrancis Crick: born 1916\, Northampton\, United Kingdom.\nJa
 mes Watson: born 1928\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nMaurice Wilkins: born 1916\, 
 Pongaroa\, New Zealand.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma
 urice_Wilkins\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Francis Crick\, James Watson\, and Maurice Wilkins
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1963-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631106
DESCRIPTION:Karl Waldemar Ziegler was a German chemist who won the Nobel Pr
 ize in Chemistry in 1963\, with Giulio Natta\, for work on polymers. The N
 obel Committee recognized his "excellent work on organometallic compounds 
 [which]...led to new polymerization reactions and ... paved the way for ne
 w and highly useful industrial processes". He is also known for his work i
 nvolving free-radicals\, many-membered rings\, and organometallic compound
 s\, as well as the development of Ziegler–Natta catalyst. One of many aw
 ards Ziegler received was the Werner von Siemens Ring in 1960 jointly with
  Otto Bayer and Walter Reppe\, for expanding the scientific knowledge of a
 nd the technical development of new synthetic materials.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Chemistry 1963\, announced November 5\, 1963.\nKarl Ziegler and Giuli
 o Natta\, “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and techn
 ology of high polymers”.\nKarl Ziegler: born 1898\, Helsa\, Germany.\nGi
 ulio Natta: born 1903\, Imperia\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Karl_Ziegler\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Natta\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1963-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631024
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631025
DESCRIPTION:Giorgos or George Seferis\, the pen name of Georgios Seferiadis
 \, was a Greek poet and diplomat. He was one of the most important Greek p
 oets of the 20th century\, and a Nobel laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature 1963\, announced October 24\, 1963.\nGiorgos Seferis\, “for his 
 eminent lyrical writing\, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic worl
 d of culture”.\nGiorgos Seferis: born 1900\, Smyrna\, Ottoman Empire (no
 w Izmir\, Turkey).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Giorgos Seferis
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1963-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631011
DESCRIPTION:The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humani
 tarian aid organization based in Geneva\, Switzerland\, and is a three-tim
 e Nobel Prize laureate. The organization has played an instrumental role i
 n the development of rules of war and promoting humanitarian norms. An int
 ernational non-governmental organization\, it has responsibility for promo
 ting and ensuring respect for the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Pro
 tection of War Victims: the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded
  and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field\; the Convention for the Ameliorati
 on of the Condition of the Wounded\, Sick\, and Shipwrecked Members of Arm
 ed Forces at Sea\; The Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners o
 f War\; and the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons 
 in Time of War.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1963\, announced October 10\, 196
 3.\nInternational Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Socie
 ties\, “for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooper
 ation with the UN”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commi
 ttee_of_the_Red_Cross\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federat
 ion_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Committee of the Red Cross and Leagu
 e of Red Cross Societies
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1963-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631105
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631106
DESCRIPTION:Eugene Paul Wigner was a Hungarian-American theoretical physici
 st who also contributed to mathematical physics. He received the Nobel Pri
 ze in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic n
 ucleus and the elementary particles\, particularly through the discovery a
 nd application of fundamental symmetry principles".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Physics 1963\, announced November 5\, 1963.\nEugene Wigner (1/2)\, “for 
 his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary p
 articles\, particularly through the discovery and application of fundament
 al symmetry principles”.\nMaria Goeppert Mayer (1/4)\, “for their disc
 overies concerning nuclear shell structure”.\nJ. Hans D. Jensen (1/4)\, 
 “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”.\nEugene Wi
 gner: born 1902\, Budapest\, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary).\nMaria Goepper
 t Mayer: born 1906\, Kattowitz\, Germany (now Katowice\, Poland).\nJ. Hans
  D. Jensen: born 1907\, Hamburg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Eugene_Wigner\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (
 CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Eugene Wigner\, Maria Goeppert Mayer\, and J. Han
 s D. Jensen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1963-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19631017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19631018
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Carew Eccles was an Australian neurophysiologist and p
 hilosopher who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 
 work on the synapse. He shared the prize with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd
  Hodgkin.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963\, announced Oc
 tober 17\, 1963.\nSir John Eccles\, Alan Hodgkin\, and Andrew Huxley\, “
 for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitati
 on and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell
  membrane”.\nSir John Eccles: born 1903\, Melbourne\, Australia.\nAlan H
 odgkin: born 1914\, Banbury\, United Kingdom.\nAndrew Huxley: born 1917\, 
 Hampstead\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(
 neurophysiologist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Huxley\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir John Eccles\, Alan Hodgkin\, and Andrew Huxley
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1964-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19641029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19641030
DESCRIPTION:Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin was an English chemist who advanc
 ed the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of bi
 omolecules\, which became essential for structural biology. She received t
 he 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry\, and is the only British woman scientist
  to have been awarded a Nobel Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964\
 , announced October 29\, 1964.\nDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin\, “for her dete
 rminations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical 
 substances”.\nDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: born 1910\, Cairo\, Egypt.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1964-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19641022
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19641023
DESCRIPTION:Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher\, poli
 tical activist\, and writer\, considered a leading figure in 20th-century 
 French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the ph
 ilosophy of existentialism and was a proponent of Libertarian Marxism. His
  work has influenced sociology\, critical theory\, post-colonial theory\, 
 and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature de
 spite attempting to refuse it\, saying that he always declined official ho
 nors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an inst
 itution".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1964\, announced October 22\, 1
 964.\nJean-Paul Sartre\, “for his work which\, rich in ideas and filled 
 with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth\, has exerted a far-rea
 ching influence on our age”.\nJean-Paul Sartre: born 1905\, Paris\, Fran
 ce.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Jean-Paul Sartre
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1964-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19641014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19641015
DESCRIPTION:Martin Luther King Jr. was an American civil rights activist an
 d Baptist minister who was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement
  from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. He advanced civil rights for p
 eople of color in the United States through the use of nonviolent resistan
 ce and civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legaliz
 ed discrimination\, which most commonly affected African Americans.\n\nThe
  Nobel Peace Prize 1964\, announced October 14\, 1964.\nMartin Luther King
  Jr.\, “for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-Ameri
 can population”.\nMartin Luther King Jr.: born 1929\, Atlanta\, GA\, USA
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King\,_Jr.\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Martin Luther King Jr.
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1964-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19641029
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19641030
DESCRIPTION:Charles Hard Townes was an American physicist. Townes worked on
  the theory and application of the maser\, for which he obtained the funda
 mental patent\, and other work in quantum electronics associated with both
  maser and laser devices. He shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with N
 ikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov. Townes was an adviser to the U.S. Go
 vernment\, meeting every President from Harry S. Truman (1945) to Bill Cli
 nton (1999).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1964\, announced October 29\, 1
 964.\nCharles H. Townes\, Nicolay G. Basov\, and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov\, 
 “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics\, which has le
 d to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-las
 er principle”.\nCharles H. Townes: born 1915\, Greenville\, SC\, USA.\nN
 icolay G. Basov: born 1922\, Usman\, USSR (now Russia).\nAleksandr M. Prok
 horov: born 1916\, Atherton\, Australia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Charles_Hard_Townes\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Basov\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Charles H. Townes\, Nicolay G. Basov\, and Aleksa
 ndr M. Prokhorov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1964-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19641015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19641016
DESCRIPTION:Konrad Emil Bloch was a German-American biochemist. Bloch recei
 ved the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 for discoveries conc
 erning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid meta
 bolism.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964\, announced Octo
 ber 15\, 1964.\nKonrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen\, “for their discoveries c
 oncerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid m
 etabolism”.\nKonrad Bloch: born 1912\, Neisse\, Germany (now Nysa\, Pola
 nd).\nFeodor Lynen: born 1911\, Munich\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Kon
 rad_Lynen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1965-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19651022
DESCRIPTION:Robert Burns Woodward was an American organic chemist\, who is 
 considered by many to be the preeminent synthetic organic chemist of the t
 wentieth century.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965\, announced October
  21\, 1965.\nRobert B. Woodward\, “for his outstanding achievements in t
 he art of organic synthesis”.\nRobert B. Woodward: born 1917\, Boston\, 
 MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Robert B. Woodward
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1965-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19651016
DESCRIPTION:Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was a Russian novelist and win
 ner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about l
 ife and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution\, the civil war
  and the period of collectivization\, primarily in his most famous novel\,
  And Quiet Flows the Don.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1965\, announce
 d October 15\, 1965.\nMikhail Sholokhov\, “for the artistic power and in
 tegrity with which\, in his epic of the Don\, he has given expression to a
  historic phase in the life of the Russian people”.\nMikhail Sholokhov: 
 born 1905\, Veshenskaya\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail
 _Sholokhov\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Mikhail Sholokhov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1965-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19651026
DESCRIPTION:UNICEF\, originally the United Nations International Children's
  Emergency Fund\, officially  United Nations Children's Fund since 1953\, 
 is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian 
 and developmental aid to children worldwide. The organization is one of th
 e most widely known and visible social welfare entities globally\, operati
 ng in 192 countries and territories. UNICEF's activities include providing
  immunizations and disease prevention\, administering treatment for childr
 en and mothers with HIV\, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition\, imp
 roving sanitation\, promoting education\, and providing emergency relief i
 n response to disasters.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1965\, announced October
  25\, 1965.\nUnited Nations Children's Fund\, “for its effort to enhance
  solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poo
 r states”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · United Nations Children's Fund
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1965-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19651022
DESCRIPTION:Shinichiro Tomonaga \, usually cited as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga in E
 nglish\, was a Japanese physicist. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger "for their fundamental work i
 n quantum electrodynamics (QED)\, with deep-ploughing consequences for the
  physics of elementary particles".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1965\, an
 nounced October 21\, 1965.\nSin-Itiro Tomonaga\, Julian Schwinger\, and Ri
 chard P. Feynman\, “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamic
 s\, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particl
 es”.\nSin-Itiro Tomonaga: born 1906\, Kyoto\, Japan.\nJulian Schwinger: 
 born 1918\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nRichard P. Feynman: born 1918\, New York
 \, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich
 ard_Feynman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Sin-Itiro Tomonaga\, Julian Schwinger\, and Richa
 rd P. Feynman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1965-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19651015
DESCRIPTION:François Jacob was a French biologist. He shared the 1965 Nobe
 l Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff "for
  their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesi
 s". He and Monod originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all 
 cells occurs through regulation of transcription. For his work in the Fren
 ch Resistance\, he received the Cross of Liberation\, the Légion d'honneu
 r and Croix de guerre.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965\,
  announced October 14\, 1965.\nFrançois Jacob\, André Lwoff\, and Jacque
 s Monod\, “for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme an
 d virus synthesis”.\nFrançois Jacob: born 1920\, Nancy\, France.\nAndr
 é Lwoff: born 1902\, Ainay-le-Château\, France.\nJacques Monod: born 191
 0\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Jacob\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Michel_Lwoff\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Jacques_Monod\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · François Jacob\, André Lwoff\, and Jacques Monod
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1966-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19661103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19661104
DESCRIPTION:Robert Sanderson Mulliken was an American physical chemist\, pr
 imarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory\
 , i.e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the st
 ructure of molecules. Mulliken received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 19
 66 and the Priestley Medal in 1983.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966\,
  announced November 3\, 1966.\nRobert S. Mulliken\, “for his fundamental
  work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules 
 by the molecular orbital method”.\nRobert S. Mulliken: born 1896\, Newbu
 ryport\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Robert S. Mulliken
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1966-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19661020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19661021
DESCRIPTION:Shmuel Yosef Agnon was an Austro-Hungarian-born Israeli novelis
 t\, poet\, and short-story writer. He was one of the central figures of mo
 dern Hebrew literature. In Hebrew\, he is known by the nom de plume Shai A
 gnon. In English\, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966\, announced October 20\, 1966.\nShmuel 
 Agnon (1/2)\, “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with moti
 fs from the life of the Jewish people”.\nNelly Sachs (1/2)\, “for her 
 outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing\, which interprets Israel's desti
 ny with touching strength”.\nShmuel Agnon: born 1888\, Buczacz\, Austria
 -Hungary (now Buchach\, Ukraine).\nNelly Sachs: born 1891\, Berlin\, Germa
 ny.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Nelly_Sachs\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Shmuel Agnon and Nelly Sachs
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1966-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19661103
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19661104
DESCRIPTION:Alfred Kastler was a German-born French physicist and Nobel lau
 reate in Physics. He is known for the development of optical pumping.\n\nT
 he Nobel Prize in Physics 1966\, announced November 3\, 1966.\nAlfred Kast
 ler\, “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying
  Hertzian resonances in atoms”.\nAlfred Kastler: born 1902\, Guebwiller\
 , Germany (now France).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kastler\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Alfred Kastler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1966-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19661013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19661014
DESCRIPTION:Francis Peyton Rous was an American pathologist at the Rockefel
 ler University known for his works in oncoviruses\, blood transfusion and 
 physiology of digestion. A medical graduate from the Johns Hopkins Univers
 ity\, he was discouraged from becoming a practicing physician due to sever
 e tuberculosis. After three years of working as an instructor of pathology
  at the University of Michigan\, he became dedicated researcher at the Roc
 kefeller Institute for Medical Research for the rest of his career.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966\, announced October 13\, 1966.
 \nPeyton Rous (1/2)\, “for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”.\
 nCharles B. Huggins (1/2)\, “for his discoveries concerning hormonal tre
 atment of prostatic cancer”.\nPeyton Rous: born 1879\, Baltimore\, MD\, 
 USA.\nCharles B. Huggins: born 1901\, Halifax\, Nova Scotia\, Canada.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Peyton Rous and Charles B. Huggins
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1967-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19671030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19671031
DESCRIPTION:Manfred Eigen was a German biophysical chemist who won the 1967
  Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions.\n
 \nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967\, announced October 30\, 1967.\nManfre
 d Eigen\, Ronald G.W. Norrish\, and George Porter\, “for their studies o
 f extremely fast chemical reactions\, effected by disturbing the equilibri
 um by means of very short pulses of energy”.\nManfred Eigen: born 1927\,
  Bochum\, Germany.\nRonald G.W. Norrish: born 1897\, Cambridge\, United Ki
 ngdom.\nGeorge Porter: born 1920\, Stainforth\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Eigen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald
 _George_Wreyford_Norrish\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Porter\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Manfred Eigen\, Ronald G.W. Norrish\, and George 
 Porter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1967-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19671019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19671020
DESCRIPTION:Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales was a Guatemalan poet-diplomat\,
  novelist\, playwright and journalist. Winning the Nobel Prize in Literatu
 re in 1967\, his work helped bring attention to the importance of indigeno
 us cultures\, especially those of his native Guatemala.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Literature 1967\, announced October 19\, 1967.\nMiguel Angel Asturias\
 , “for his vivid literary achievement\, deep-rooted in the national trai
 ts and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”.\nMiguel Angel Ast
 urias: born 1899\, Guatemala City\, Guatemala.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Miguel_Ángel_Asturias\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Miguel Angel Asturias
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1967-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19671030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19671031
DESCRIPTION:Hans Albrecht Eduard Bethe was a German-American physicist who 
 made major contributions to nuclear physics\, astrophysics\, quantum elect
 rodynamics and solid-state physics\, and received the Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most
  of his career\, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physics 1967\, announced October 30\, 1967.\nHans Bethe\, “for
  his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions\, especially his dis
 coveries concerning the energy production in stars”.\nHans Bethe: born 1
 906\, Strasbourg\, Germany (now France).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Hans_Bethe\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Hans Bethe
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1967-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19671018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19671019
DESCRIPTION:Ragnar Arthur Granit was a Finnish and Swedish neurophysiologis
 t who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 along 
 with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald "for their discoveries concern
 ing the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye". G
 ranit carried out fundamental research on the retina and the physiological
  mechanisms of colour vision at the University of Helsinki\, and later inv
 estigated the neural control of movement at the Karolinska Institutet in S
 tockholm.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967\, announced Oc
 tober 18\, 1967.\nRagnar Granit\, Keffer Hartline\, and George Wald\, “f
 or their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical vis
 ual processes in the eye”.\nRagnar Granit: born 1900\, Helsinki\, Russia
 n Empire (now Finland).\nKeffer Hartline: born 1903\, Bloomsburg\, PA\, US
 A.\nGeorge Wald: born 1906\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Ragnar_Granit\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartli
 ne\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wald\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Ragnar Granit\, Keffer Hartline\, and George Wald
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1968-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19681030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19681031
DESCRIPTION:Lars Onsager was a Norwegian American physical chemist and theo
 retical physicist. He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistr
 y at Yale University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968\, announced October 30\, 1968.\nLars
  Onsager\, “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his na
 me\, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processe
 s”.\nLars Onsager: born 1903\, Kristiania (now Oslo)\, Norway.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Onsager\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Lars Onsager
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1968-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19681017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19681018
DESCRIPTION:Yasunari Kawabata  was a Japanese novelist and short story writ
 er whose spare\, lyrical\, subtly-shaded prose works won him the 1968 Nobe
 l Prize in Literature\, the first Japanese author to receive the award. Hi
 s works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1968\, announced October 17\, 1968.\nYas
 unari Kawabata\, “for his narrative mastery\, which with great sensibili
 ty expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”.\nYasunari Kawabata: born
  1899\, Osaka\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Yasunari Kawabata
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1968-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19681009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19681010
DESCRIPTION:René Samuel Cassin was a French jurist known for co-authoring 
 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and receiving the Nobel Peace Pr
 ize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1968\, announced October 9\, 1968.\nRené Ca
 ssin\, “for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in th
 e UN Declaration”.\nRené Cassin: born 1887\, Bayonne\, France.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Cassin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · René Cassin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1968-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19681030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19681031
DESCRIPTION:Luis Walter Alvarez was an American experimental physicist\, in
 ventor\, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 
 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrog
 en bubble chamber. In 2007 the American Journal of Physics commented\, "Lu
 is Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physi
 cists of the twentieth century."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1968\, anno
 unced October 30\, 1968.\nLuis Alvarez\, “for his decisive contributions
  to elementary particle physics\, in particular the discovery of a large n
 umber of resonance states\, made possible through his development of the t
 echnique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”.\nLuis Alva
 rez: born 1911\, San Francisco\, CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Luis_Walter_Alvarez\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Luis Alvarez
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1968-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19681016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19681017
DESCRIPTION:Robert William Holley was an American biochemist. He shared the
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for describing the structur
 e of alanine transfer RNA\, linking DNA and protein synthesis.\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968\, announced October 16\, 1968.\nRob
 ert W. Holley\, H. Gobind Khorana\, and Marshall W. Nirenberg\, “for the
 ir interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesi
 s”.\nRobert W. Holley: born 1922\, Urbana\, IL\, USA.\nH. Gobind Khorana
 : born 1922\, Raipur\, India.\nMarshall W. Nirenberg: born 1927\, New York
 \, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars
 hall_Warren_Nirenberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Robert W. Holley\, H. Gobind Khorana\, and Marshal
 l W. Nirenberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691031
DESCRIPTION:Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton was an English organic chemist 
 and Nobel Prize laureate for 1969.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969\, 
 announced October 30\, 1969.\nDerek Barton and Odd Hassel\, “for their c
 ontributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its app
 lication in chemistry”.\nDerek Barton: born 1918\, Gravesend\, United Ki
 ngdom.\nOdd Hassel: born 1897\, Kristiania (now Oslo)\, Norway.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Barton\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Has
 sel\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Derek Barton and Odd Hassel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691028
DESCRIPTION:Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch was an influential Norwegian economi
 st and econometrician known for being one of the major contributors to est
 ablishing economics as a quantitative and statistically informed science i
 n the early 20th century. He coined the term econometrics in 1926 for util
 ising statistical methods to describe economic systems\, as well as the te
 rms microeconomics and macroeconomics in 1933\, for describing individual 
 and aggregate economic systems\, respectively. He was the first to develop
  a statistically informed model of business cycles in 1933. Later work on 
 the model\, together with Jan Tinbergen\, won the first Nobel Memorial Pri
 ze in Economic Sciences in 1969.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economi
 c Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969\, announced October 27\, 1969.\n
 Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen\, “for having developed and applied dyna
 mic models for the analysis of economic processes”.\nRagnar Frisch: born
  1895\, Oslo\, Norway.\nJan Tinbergen: born 1903\, the Hague\, the Netherl
 ands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691024
DESCRIPTION:Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish playwright\, novelist\, and
  poet. Written in both English and French\, his literary and theatrical wo
 rks feature bleak\, impersonal\, and tragicomic episodes of life\, coupled
  with black comedy and literary nonsense. As a key proponent of Irish lite
 rature\, he is best known for his tragicomedy play Waiting for Godot (1953
 )\, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential and important wr
 iters of the 20th century\, credited with transforming modern theatre. For
  his foundational contribution to both literature and theatre\, Beckett re
 ceived the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature\, "for his writing\, which—in 
 new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acqui
 res its elevation."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1969\, announced Octo
 ber 23\, 1969.\nSamuel Beckett\, “for his writing\, which - in new forms
  for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its e
 levation”.\nSamuel Beckett: born 1906\, Dublin\, Ireland.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Samuel Beckett
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691021
DESCRIPTION:The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations
  (UN) agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by se
 tting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the Le
 ague of Nations\, it is one of the first and oldest specialized agencies o
 f the UN. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 out of 193 UN member states p
 lus the Cook Islands. It is headquartered in Geneva\, Switzerland\, with a
 round 40 field offices around the world\, and employs some 3\,381 staff ac
 ross 107 nations\, of whom 1\,698 work in technical cooperation programmes
  and projects.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1969\, announced October 20\, 1969
 .\nInternational Labour Organization\, “for creating international legis
 lation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country”.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Labour Organization
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691030
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691031
DESCRIPTION:Murray Gell-Mann was an American theoretical physicist who play
 ed a preeminent role in the development of the theory of elementary partic
 les. Gell-Mann introduced the concept of quarks as the fundamental buildin
 g blocks of the strongly interacting particles\, and the renormalization g
 roup as a foundational element of quantum field theory and statistical mec
 hanics. He received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions 
 and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and 
 their interactions.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1969\, announced October
  30\, 1969.\nMurray Gell-Mann\, “for his contributions and discoveries c
 oncerning the classification of elementary particles and their interaction
 s”.\nMurray Gell-Mann: born 1929\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Murray Gell-Mann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1969-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19691016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19691017
DESCRIPTION:Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück was a German–American biophysici
 st who participated in launching the molecular biology research program in
  the late 1930s. He stimulated physical scientists' interest into biology\
 , especially as to basic research to physically explain genes\, mysterious
  at the time. Formed in 1945 and led by Delbrück along with Salvador Luri
 a and Alfred Hershey\, the Phage Group made substantial headway unraveling
  important aspects of genetics. The three shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in P
 hysiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication me
 chanism and the genetic structure of viruses". He was the first physicist 
 to predict what is now called Delbrück scattering.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Physiology or Medicine 1969\, announced October 16\, 1969.\nMax Delbrück\
 , Alfred D. Hershey\, and Salvador E. Luria\, “for their discoveries con
 cerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”.
 \nMax Delbrück: born 1906\, Berlin\, Germany.\nAlfred D. Hershey: born 19
 08\, Owosso\, MI\, USA.\nSalvador E. Luria: born 1912\, Turin\, Italy.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbrück\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Alfred_Hershey\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luria\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Max Delbrück\, Alfred D. Hershey\, and Salvador E
 . Luria
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701028
DESCRIPTION:Luis Federico Leloir was an Argentine physician and biochemist 
 who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the me
 tabolic pathways by which carbohydrates are synthesized and converted into
  energy in the body. Although born in France\, Leloir received the majorit
 y of his education at the University of Buenos Aires and was director of t
 he private research group Fundación Instituto Campomar until his death in
  1987. His research into sugar nucleotides\, carbohydrate metabolism\, and
  renal hypertension garnered international attention and led to significan
 t progress in understanding\, diagnosing and treating the congenital disea
 se galactosemia. Leloir is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery\, Buenos Aires.\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970\, announced October 27\, 1970.\nLuis 
 Leloir\, “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the b
 iosynthesis of carbohydrates”.\nLuis Leloir: born 1906\, Paris\, France.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Luis Leloir
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701026
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701027
DESCRIPTION:Paul Anthony Samuelson was an American economist who was the fi
 rst American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. When aw
 arding the prize in 1970\, the Swedish Royal Academies stated that he "has
  done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of sci
 entific analysis in economic theory".\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Ec
 onomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970\, announced October 26\, 19
 70.\nPaul A. Samuelson\, “for the scientific work through which he has d
 eveloped static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to ra
 ising the level of analysis in economic science”.\nPaul A. Samuelson: bo
 rn 1915\, Gary\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Paul A. Samuelson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701009
DESCRIPTION:Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Soviet and Russian autho
 r and dissident who helped to raise global awareness of political repressi
 on in the Soviet Union\, especially the Gulag prison system. He was awarde
 d the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the ethical force with which he 
 has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature". His nonfi
 ction work The Gulag Archipelago "amounted to a head-on challenge to the S
 oviet state" and sold tens of millions of copies.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Li
 terature 1970\, announced October 8\, 1970.\nAleksandr Solzhenitsyn\, “f
 or the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable tradition
 s of Russian literature”.\nAleksandr Solzhenitsyn: born 1918\, Kislovods
 k\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701022
DESCRIPTION:Norman Ernest Borlaug was an American agronomist who led initia
 tives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultura
 l production termed the Green Revolution. Borlaug was awarded multiple hon
 ors for his work\, including the Nobel Peace Prize\, the Presidential Meda
 l of Freedom\, and the Congressional Gold Medal\, one of only seven people
  to have received all three awards.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1970\, announ
 ced October 21\, 1970.\nNorman Borlaug\, “for having given a well-founde
 d hope - the green revolution”.\nNorman Borlaug: born 1914\, Cresco\, IA
 \, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Norman Borlaug
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701028
DESCRIPTION:Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén was a Swedish electrical engineer\, 
 plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his wor
 k on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now k
 nown as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power en
 gineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma ph
 ysics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasm
 a physics\, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae\, the Va
 n Allen radiation belts\, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's mag
 netic field\, the terrestrial magnetosphere\, and the dynamics of plasmas 
 in the Milky Way galaxy.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1970\, announced Oc
 tober 27\, 1970.\nHannes Alfvén (1/2)\, “for fundamental work and disco
 veries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different pa
 rts of plasma physics”.\nLouis Néel (1/2)\, “for fundamental work and
  discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have l
 ed to important applications in solid state physics”.\nHannes Alfvén: b
 orn 1908\, Norrköping\, Sweden.\nLouis Néel: born 1904\, Lyon\, France.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfvén\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Louis_Néel\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Hannes Alfvén and Louis Néel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1970-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19701015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19701016
DESCRIPTION:Sir Bernard Katz\, FRS was a German-born British physician and 
 biophysicist\, noted for his work on nerve physiology\; specifically\, for
  his work on synaptic transmission at the nerve-muscle junction. He shared
  the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1970 with Julius Axelrod and
  Ulf von Euler. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1969.\n\nThe Nobel Prize 
 in Physiology or Medicine 1970\, announced October 15\, 1970.\nSir Bernard
  Katz\, Ulf von Euler\, and Julius Axelrod\, “for their discoveries conc
 erning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism f
 or their storage\, release and inactivation”.\nSir Bernard Katz: born 19
 11\, Leipzig\, Germany.\nUlf von Euler: born 1905\, Stockholm\, Sweden.\nJ
 ulius Axelrod: born 1912\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Bernard_Katz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir Bernard Katz\, Ulf von Euler\, and Julius Axel
 rod
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711103
DESCRIPTION:Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg\, was a German-
 Canadian pioneering physicist and physical chemist\, who won the Nobel Pri
 ze for Chemistry in 1971\, "for his contributions to the knowledge of elec
 tronic structure and geometry of molecules\, particularly free radicals". 
 Herzberg's main work concerned atomic and molecular spectroscopy. He is we
 ll known for using these techniques that determine the structures of diato
 mic and polyatomic molecules\, including free radicals which are difficult
  to investigate in any other way\, and for the chemical analysis of astron
 omical objects. Herzberg served as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ot
 tawa\, Canada from 1973 to 1980.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971\, an
 nounced November 2\, 1971.\nGerhard Herzberg\, “for his contributions to
  the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules\, particu
 larly free radicals”.\nGerhard Herzberg: born 1904\, Hamburg\, Germany.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Gerhard Herzberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711016
DESCRIPTION:Simon Smith Kuznets was a Russian-born American economist and s
 tatistician. He received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science
 s "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has
  led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure an
 d process of development."\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scie
 nces in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971\, announced October 15\, 1971.\nSimon 
 Kuznets\, “for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth
  which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social st
 ructure and process of development”.\nSimon Kuznets: born 1901\, Pinsk\,
  Russian Empire (now Belarus).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuzn
 ets\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Simon Kuznets
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711022
DESCRIPTION:Pablo Neruda was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won
  the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature. Neruda became known as a poet when he
  was 13 years old and wrote in a variety of styles\, including surrealist 
 poems\, historical epics\, political manifestos\, a prose autobiography\, 
 and passionate love poems such as the ones in his collection Twenty Love P
 oems and a Song of Despair (1924).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1971\,
  announced October 21\, 1971.\nPablo Neruda\, “for a poetry that with th
 e action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and drea
 ms”.\nPablo Neruda: born 1904\, Parral\, Chile.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Pablo Neruda
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711022
DESCRIPTION:Willy Brandt was a German politician and statesman who was lead
 er of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and c
 oncurrently served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. He
  was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his efforts to strengthen c
 ooperation in Western Europe through the EEC and to achieve reconciliation
  between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europe. He was the firs
 t Social Democratic chancellor since 1930.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1971\,
  announced October 21\, 1971.\nWilly Brandt\, “for paving the way for a 
 meaningful dialogue between East and West”.\nWilly Brandt: born 1913\, L
 übeck\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Willy Brandt
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711102
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711103
DESCRIPTION:Dennis Gabor was a Hungarian-British physicist who received the
  Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for his invention of holography. He obtain
 ed British citizenship in 1946 and spent most of his life in England.\n\nT
 he Nobel Prize in Physics 1971\, announced November 2\, 1971.\nDennis Gabo
 r\, “for his invention and development of the holographic method”.\nDe
 nnis Gabor: born 1900\, Budapest\, Hungary.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Dennis_Gabor\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Dennis Gabor
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1971-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19711014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19711015
DESCRIPTION:Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. was an American pharmacologist and b
 iochemist born in Burlingame\, Kansas. Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Phy
 siology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms
  of the action of hormones"\, especially epinephrine\, via second messenge
 rs\, namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate\, or cyclic AMP.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine 1971\, announced October 14\, 1971.\nEarl W
 . Sutherland\, Jr.\, “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of t
 he action of hormones”.\nEarl W. Sutherland\, Jr.: born 1915\, Burlingam
 e\, KS\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland\,_Jr
 .\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Earl W. Sutherland\, Jr.
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1972-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19721020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19721021
DESCRIPTION:Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. was an American biochemist. He s
 hared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Ho
 ward Stein for work on ribonuclease\, especially concerning the connection
  between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972\, announced October 20\, 1972.\nChri
 stian Anfinsen (1/2)\, “for his work on ribonuclease\, especially concer
 ning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically a
 ctive conformation”.\nStanford Moore (1/4)\, “for their contribution t
 o the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catal
 ytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”.\nWilli
 am H. Stein (1/4)\, “for their contribution to the understanding of the 
 connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active
  centre of the ribonuclease molecule”.\nChristian Anfinsen: born 1916\, 
 Monessen\, PA\, USA.\nStanford Moore: born 1913\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nWil
 liam H. Stein: born 1911\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Moore
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Stein\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Christian Anfinsen\, Stanford Moore\, and William
  H. Stein
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1972-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19721025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19721026
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Richard Hicks was a British economist. He is considere
 d one of the most important and influential economists of the twentieth ce
 ntury. The most familiar of his many contributions in the field of economi
 cs were his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics\, and th
 e IS–LM model (1937)\, which summarised a Keynesian view of macroeconomi
 cs. His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equil
 ibrium and value theory. The compensated demand function is named the Hick
 sian demand function in memory of him.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in E
 conomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972\, announced October 25\, 1
 972.\nJohn R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow\, “for their pioneering contrib
 utions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory”.\nJohn
  R. Hicks: born 1904\, Warwick\, United Kingdom.\nKenneth J. Arrow: born 1
 921\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hicks\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1972-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19721019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19721020
DESCRIPTION:Heinrich Theodor Böll was a German writer. Considered one of G
 ermany's foremost post–World War II writers\, Böll received the Georg B
 üchner Prize (1967) and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1972).\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Literature 1972\, announced October 19\, 1972.\nHeinrich Böll
 \, “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective
  on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to 
 a renewal of German literature”.\nHeinrich Böll: born 1917\, Cologne\, 
 Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Böll\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Heinrich Böll
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1972-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19721020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19721021
DESCRIPTION:John Bardeen was an American physicist. He is the only person t
 o be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William 
 Shockley and Walter Brattain for their invention of the transistor\; and a
 gain in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for their microsc
 opic theory of superconductivity\, known as the BCS theory.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1972\, announced October 20\, 1972.\nJohn Bardeen\, Leon N
 . Cooper\, and Robert Schrieffer\, “for their jointly developed theory o
 f superconductivity\, usually called the BCS-theory”.\nJohn Bardeen: bor
 n 1908\, Madison\, WI\, USA.\nLeon N. Cooper: born 1930\, New York\, NY\, 
 USA.\nRobert Schrieffer: born 1931\, Oak Park\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · John Bardeen\, Leon N. Cooper\, and Robert Schrie
 ffer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1972-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19721012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19721013
DESCRIPTION:Gerald Maurice Edelman was an American biologist who shared the
  1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney Robert Po
 rter on the immune system. Edelman's Nobel Prize-winning research concerne
 d discovery of the structure of antibody molecules. In interviews\, he has
  said that the way the components of the immune system evolve over the lif
 e of the individual is analogous to the way the components of the brain ev
 olve in a lifetime. There is a continuity in this way between his work on 
 the immune system\, for which he won the Nobel Prize\, and his later work 
 in neuroscience and in philosophy of mind.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolog
 y or Medicine 1972\, announced October 12\, 1972.\nGerald M. Edelman and R
 odney R. Porter\, “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structu
 re of antibodies”.\nGerald M. Edelman: born 1929\, New York\, NY\, USA.\
 nRodney R. Porter: born 1917\, Newton-le-Willows\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro
 dney_Robert_Porter\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731024
DESCRIPTION:Ernst Otto Fischer was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize
  for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Chemistry 1973\, announced October 23\, 1973.\nErnst Otto Fische
 r and Geoffrey Wilkinson\, “for their pioneering work\, performed indepe
 ndently\, on the chemistry of the organometallic\, so called sandwich comp
 ounds”.\nErnst Otto Fischer: born 1918\, Munich\, Germany.\nGeoffrey Wil
 kinson: born 1921\, Todmorden\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinso
 n\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731019
DESCRIPTION:Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief was a Russian-American economist 
 known for his research on input–output analysis and how changes in one e
 conomic sector may affect other sectors.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in
  Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973\, announced October 18\,
  1973.\nWassily Leontief\, “for the development of the input-output meth
 od and for its application to important economic problems”.\nWassily Leo
 ntief: born 1906\, St. Petersburg\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Wassily_Leontief\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Wassily Leontief
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731025
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731026
DESCRIPTION:Patrick Victor Martindale White was an Australian novelist and 
 playwright who explored themes of religious experience\, personal identity
  and the conflict between visionary individuals and a materialistic\, conf
 ormist society. Influenced by the modernism of James Joyce\, D. H. Lawrenc
 e and Virginia Woolf\, he developed a complex literary style and a body of
  work that challenged the dominant realist prose tradition of his home cou
 ntry\, was satirical of Australian society\, and sharply divided local cri
 tics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973 and is the only
  Australian to receive it.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1973\, announc
 ed October 25\, 1973.\nPatrick White\, “for an epic and psychological na
 rrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature”.\nPatr
 ick White: born 1912\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Patrick_White\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Patrick White
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731018
DESCRIPTION:Henry Alfred Kissinger was an American diplomat\, political sci
 entist\, and politician. A member of the Republican Party\, he served as t
 he 7th national security advisor from 1969 to 1975 and as the 56th United 
 States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977\, serving under presidents Ric
 hard Nixon and Gerald Ford.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1973\, announced Octo
 ber 17\, 1973.\nHenry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho \, “for jointly having ne
 gotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973”.\nHenry Kissinger: born 1923\,
  Fürth\, Germany.\nLe Duc Tho : born 1911\, Nam Ha province\, Vietnam.\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Le_Duc_Tho\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho 
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731024
DESCRIPTION:Leo Esaki  is a Japanese physicist who shared the 1973 Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson for his work on tunne
 ling in semiconductors\, which led to his invention of the tunnel diode th
 at exploits this phenomenon. His research was done when he was with Sony. 
 He has also contributed in being a pioneer of semiconductor superlattices.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1973\, announced October 23\, 1973.\nLeo Es
 aki (1/4)\, “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phen
 omena in semiconductors and superconductors\, respectively”.\nIvar Giaev
 er (1/4)\, “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling pheno
 mena in semiconductors and superconductors\, respectively”.\nBrian D. Jo
 sephson (1/2)\, “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a 
 supercurrent through a tunnel barrier\, in particular those phenomena whic
 h are generally known as the Josephson effects”.\nLeo Esaki: born 1925\,
  Osaka\, Japan.\nIvar Giaever: born 1929\, Bergen\, Norway.\nBrian D. Jose
 phson: born 1940\, Cardiff\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Leo_Esaki\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Leo Esaki\, Ivar Giaever\, and Brian D. Josephson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1973-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19731011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19731012
DESCRIPTION:Karl Ritter von Frisch was a German-Austrian ethologist who rec
 eived the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973\, along with Nikol
 aas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medic
 ine 1973\, announced October 11\, 1973.\nKarl von Frisch\, Konrad Lorenz\,
  and Nikolaas Tinbergen\, “for their discoveries concerning organization
  and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”.\nKarl von
  Frisch: born 1886\, Vienna\, Austria.\nKonrad Lorenz: born 1903\, Vienna\
 , Austria.\nNikolaas Tinbergen: born 1907\, the Hague\, the Netherlands.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Konrad_Lorenz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Karl von Frisch\, Konrad Lorenz\, and Nikolaas Tin
 bergen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013459Z
UID:nobel-1974-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741016
DESCRIPTION:Paul John Flory was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who 
 was known for his work in the field of polymers\, or macromolecules. He wa
 s a pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solution\, and wo
 n the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements\,
  both theoretical and experimental\, in the physical chemistry of macromol
 ecules".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974\, announced October 15\, 197
 4.\nPaul J. Flory\, “for his fundamental achievements\, both theoretical
  and experimental\, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”.\nP
 aul J. Flory: born 1910\, Sterling\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Paul_Flory\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Paul J. Flory
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1974-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741010
DESCRIPTION:Karl Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist and sociologist. In 
 1974\, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along wit
 h Friedrich Hayek for "their pioneering work in the theory of money and ec
 onomic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdepende
 nce of economic\, social and institutional phenomena." When his wife\, Alv
 a Myrdal\, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982\, they became the fourth
  ever married couple to have won Nobel Prizes\, and the first and only to 
 win independent of each other.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic 
 Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974\, announced October 9\, 1974.\nGun
 nar Myrdal and Friedrich von Hayek\, “for their pioneering work in the t
 heory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysi
 s of the interdependence of economic\, social and institutional phenomena
 ”.\nGunnar Myrdal: born 1898\, Skattungbyn\, Sweden.\nFriedrich von Haye
 k: born 1899\, Vienna\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_M
 yrdal\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich von Hayek
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1974-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741004
DESCRIPTION:Eyvind Johnson was a Swedish novelist and short story writer. R
 egarded as the most groundbreaking novelist in modern Swedish literature h
 e became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the 1974 Nobel
  Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson with the citation: for a narrati
 ve art\, far-seeing in lands and ages\, in the service of freedom.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Literature 1974\, announced October 3\, 1974.\nEyvind Johns
 on (1/2)\, “for a narrative art\, far-seeing in lands and ages\, in the 
 service of freedom”.\nHarry Martinson (1/2)\, “for writings that catch
  the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos”.\nEyvind Johnson: born 1900\, Svart
 björnsbyn\, Sweden.\nHarry Martinson: born 1904\, Jämshög\, Sweden.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Harry_Martinson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1974-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741010
DESCRIPTION:Seán MacBride was an Irish republican activist\, politician\, 
 and diplomat who served as Minister for External Affairs from 1948 to 1951
 \, Leader of Clann na Poblachta from 1946 to 1965 and Chief of Staff of th
 e IRA from 1936 to 1937. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1947 to 19
 57.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1974\, announced October 9\, 1974.\nSeán Mac
 Bride (1/2)\, “for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throug
 hout the world”.\nEisaku Satō (1/2)\, “for his contribution to stabil
 ize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Pro
 liferation Treaty”.\nSeán MacBride: born 1904\, Paris\, France.\nEisaku
  Satō: born 1901\, Tabuse\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seán
 _MacBride\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisaku_Satō\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Seán MacBride and Eisaku Satō
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1974-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741016
DESCRIPTION:Sir Martin Ryle was an English radio astronomer who developed r
 evolutionary radio telescope systems and used them for accurate location a
 nd imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 Ryle and Derek Vonberg were the 
 first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio
  wavelengths. With improved equipment\, Ryle observed the most distant kno
 wn galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Ra
 dio Astronomy in the University of Cambridge and founding director of the 
 Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was the twelfth Astronomer Royal f
 rom 1972 to 1982. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize for Physic
 s in 1974\, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical r
 esearch. In the 1970s\, Ryle turned the greater part of his attention from
  astronomy to social and political issues which he considered to be more u
 rgent. He was also an enthusiastic amateur radio operator.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics 1974\, announced October 15\, 1974.\nMartin Ryle and Antony
  Hewish\, “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for
  his observations and inventions\, in particular of the aperture synthesis
  technique\, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
 ”.\nMartin Ryle: born 1918\, Brighton\, United Kingdom.\nAntony Hewish: 
 born 1924\, Fowey\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti
 n_Ryle\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hewish\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1974-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19741010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19741011
DESCRIPTION:Albert Claude was a Belgian-American cell biologist and medical
  doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with 
 Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. His elementary education started
  in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier\, his birthplace. He served
  in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War\, and got 
 imprisoned in concentration camps twice. In recognition of his service\, h
 e was granted enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study me
 dicine without any formal education required for the course. He earned his
  Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928. Devoted to medical research\, he initi
 ally joined German institutes in Berlin. In 1929 he found an opportunity t
 o join the Rockefeller Institute in New York. At Rockefeller University he
  made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology. In 1930 he dev
 eloped the technique of cell fractionation\, by which he discovered the ag
 ent of the Rous sarcoma\, as well as components of cell organelles such as
  the mitochondrion\, chloroplast\, endoplasmic reticulum\, Golgi apparatus
 \, ribosome\, and lysosome. He was the first to employ the electron micros
 cope in the field of biology. In 1945 he published the first detailed stru
 cture of cell. His collective works established the complex functional and
  structural properties of cells.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medic
 ine 1974\, announced October 10\, 1974.\nAlbert Claude\, Christian de Duve
 \, and George E. Palade\, “for their discoveries concerning the structur
 al and functional organization of the cell”.\nAlbert Claude: born 1898\,
  Longlier\, Belgium.\nChristian de Duve: born 1917\, Thames Ditton\, Unite
 d Kingdom.\nGeorge E. Palade: born 1912\, Iasi\, Romania.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Claude\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_de
 _Duve\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Emil_Palade\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Albert Claude\, Christian de Duve\, and George E. 
 Palade
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751018
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr.\, was an Australian–British che
 mist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the ster
 eochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions\, becoming the only Nobel laurea
 te born in New South Wales.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975\, announc
 ed October 17\, 1975.\nJohn Cornforth (1/2)\, “for his work on the stere
 ochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions”.\nVladimir Prelog (1/2)\, “f
 or his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reaction
 s”.\nJohn Cornforth: born 1917\, Sydney\, Australia.\nVladimir Prelog: b
 orn 1906\, Sarajevo\, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina).\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornforth\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V
 ladimir_Prelog\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · John Cornforth and Vladimir Prelog
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751015
DESCRIPTION:Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich was a Soviet mathematician and e
 conomist\, known for his theory and development of techniques for the opti
 mal allocation of resources. He is regarded as the founder of linear progr
 amming. He was the winner of the Stalin Prize in 1949 and the Nobel Memori
 al Prize in Economic Sciences in 1975.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in E
 conomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975\, announced October 14\, 1
 975.\nLeonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans\, “for th
 eir contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources”.\nLe
 onid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich: born 1912\, St. Petersburg\, Russian Empire
  (now Russia).\nTjalling C. Koopmans: born 1910\, 's Graveland\, the Nethe
 rlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. K
 oopmans
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751023
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751024
DESCRIPTION:Eugenio Montale was an Italian poet\, prose writer\, editor and
  translator. In 1975\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for h
 is distinctive poetry which\, with great artistic sensitivity\, has interp
 reted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.
 "\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1975\, announced October 23\, 1975.\nEu
 genio Montale\, “for his distinctive poetry which\, with great artistic 
 sensitivity\, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on
  life with no illusions”.\nEugenio Montale: born 1896\, Genoa\, Italy.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Montale\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Eugenio Montale
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751010
DESCRIPTION:Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was a Soviet physicist and a Nobel 
 Peace Prize laureate\, which he was awarded in 1975 for emphasizing human 
 rights around the world.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1975\, announced October
  9\, 1975.\nAndrei Sakharov\, “for his struggle for human rights in the 
 Soviet Union\, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations”.\nAn
 drei Sakharov: born 1921\, Moscow\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Andrei_Sakharov\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Andrei Sakharov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751018
DESCRIPTION:Aage Niels Bohr was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the N
 obel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "
 for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle
  motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structur
 e of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". His father was Niels Bo
 hr.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1975\, announced October 17\, 1975.\nAag
 e N. Bohr\, Ben R. Mottelson\, and James Rainwater\, “for the discovery 
 of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic 
 nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nu
 cleus based on this connection”.\nAage N. Bohr: born 1922\, Copenhagen\,
  Denmark.\nBen R. Mottelson: born 1926\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nJames Rainwa
 ter: born 1917\, Council\, ID\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage
 _Bohr\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/James_Rainwater\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Aage N. Bohr\, Ben R. Mottelson\, and James Rainw
 ater
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1975-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751017
DESCRIPTION:David Baltimore was an American biologist\, university administ
 rator\, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. He was a profes
 sor of biology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)\, where
  he served as president from 1997 to 2006. He founded the Whitehead Instit
 ute and directed it from 1982 to 1990. In 2008\, he served as president of
  the American Association for the Advancement of Science.\n\nThe Nobel Pri
 ze in Physiology or Medicine 1975\, announced October 16\, 1975.\nDavid Ba
 ltimore\, Renato Dulbecco\, and Howard M. Temin\, “for their discoveries
  concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic materia
 l of the cell”.\nDavid Baltimore: born 1938\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nRena
 to Dulbecco: born 1914\, Catanzaro\, Italy.\nHoward M. Temin: born 1934\, 
 Philadelphia\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Howard_Martin_Temin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · David Baltimore\, Renato Dulbecco\, and Howard M. 
 Temin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19761018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19761019
DESCRIPTION:William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. was a Nobel Prize-winning American in
 organic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance\, theore
 tical chemistry\, boron chemistry\, and biochemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize i
 n Chemistry 1976\, announced October 18\, 1976.\nWilliam Lipscomb\, “for
  his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical
  bonding”.\nWilliam Lipscomb: born 1919\, Cleveland\, OH\, USA.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lipscomb\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · William Lipscomb
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19761014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19761015
DESCRIPTION:Milton Friedman was an American economist and statistician who 
 received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his resear
 ch on consumption analysis\, monetary history and theory and the complexit
 y of stabilization policy. With George Stigler\, Friedman was among the in
 tellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics\, a neoclassical sch
 ool of economic thought associated with the faculty at the University of C
 hicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism before shifting t
 heir focus to new classical macroeconomics in the mid-1970s. Several stude
 nts\, young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Fri
 edman at Chicago went on to become leading economists\, including Nobel la
 ureates Gary Becker (1992)\, Robert Fogel (1993)\, and Robert Lucas Jr. (1
 995).\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alf
 red Nobel 1976\, announced October 14\, 1976.\nMilton Friedman\, “for hi
 s achievements in the fields of consumption analysis\, monetary history an
 d theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization poli
 cy”.\nMilton Friedman: born 1912\, Brooklyn\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Milton Friedman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19761021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19761022
DESCRIPTION:Saul Bellow was an American writer. For his literary work\, Bel
 low was awarded the Pulitzer Prize\, the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature\, 
 and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer to win the National 
 Book Award for Fiction three times\, and he received the National Book Fou
 ndation's lifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letter
 s in 1990.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1976\, announced October 21\, 
 1976.\nSaul Bellow\, “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of
  contemporary culture that are combined in his work”.\nSaul Bellow: born
  1915\, Lachine\, Quebec (now Montreal)\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Saul_Bellow\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Saul Bellow
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771011
DESCRIPTION:Elizabeth Williams was a peace activist from Northern Ireland. 
 She was a co-recipient with Mairead Corrigan of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1
 976 for her work as a cofounder of Community of Peace People\, an organisa
 tion dedicated to promoting a peaceful resolution to the Troubles in North
 ern Ireland.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1976\, announced October 10\, 1977.\
 nBetty Williams and Mairead Corrigan\, “for the courageous efforts in fo
 unding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Irelan
 d”.\nBetty Williams: born 1943\, Belfast\, Northern Ireland.\nMairead Co
 rrigan: born 1944\, Belfast\, Northern Ireland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mair
 ead_Maguire\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19761018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19761019
DESCRIPTION:Burton Richter was an American physicist. He led the Stanford L
 inear Accelerator Center (SLAC) team which co-discovered the J/ψ meson in
  1974\, alongside the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) team led by Sam
 uel Ting for which they won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1976. This discover
 y was part of the November Revolution of particle physics. He was the SLAC
  director from 1984 to 1999.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1976\, announce
 d October 18\, 1976.\nBurton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting\, “for their p
 ioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new ki
 nd”.\nBurton Richter: born 1931\, Brooklyn\, NY\, USA.\nSamuel C.C. Ting
 : born 1936\, Ann Arbor\, MI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burto
 n_Richter\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Burton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1976-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19761014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19761015
DESCRIPTION:Baruch Samuel Blumberg\, known as Barry Blumberg\, was an Ameri
 can physician\, geneticist\, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in P
 hysiology or Medicine\, for his work on the hepatitis B virus while an inv
 estigator at the NIH and at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. He was president 
 of the American Philosophical Society from 2005 until his death.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976\, announced October 14\, 1976.\nB
 aruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek\, “for their discoveries conc
 erning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious disea
 ses”.\nBaruch S. Blumberg: born 1925\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nD. Carleton
  Gajdusek: born 1923\, Yonkers\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Ga
 jdusek\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771012
DESCRIPTION:Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine was a Belgian physical chemi
 st of Russian origin\, noted for his work on dissipative structures\, comp
 lex systems\, and irreversibility.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977\, 
 announced October 11\, 1977.\nIlya Prigogine\, “for his contributions to
  non-equilibrium thermodynamics\, particularly the theory of dissipative s
 tructures”.\nIlya Prigogine: born 1917\, Moscow\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Ilya Prigogine
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771015
DESCRIPTION:Bertil Gotthard Ohlin was a Swedish economist and politician. H
 e was a professor of economics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1
 929 to 1965. He was also leader of the People's Party\, a social-liberal p
 arty which at the time was the largest party in opposition to the governin
 g Social Democratic Party\, from 1944 to 1967. He served briefly as Minist
 er of Commerce and Industry from 1944 to 1945 in the Swedish coalition gov
 ernment during World War II. He was President of the Nordic Council in 195
 9 and 1964.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory 
 of Alfred Nobel 1977\, announced October 14\, 1977.\nBertil Ohlin and Jame
 s E. Meade\, “for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of inter
 national trade and international capital movements”.\nBertil Ohlin: born
  1899\, Klippan\, Sweden.\nJames E. Meade: born 1907\, Swanage\, United Ki
 ngdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/James_Meade\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Bertil Ohlin and James E. Meade
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771007
DESCRIPTION:Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo was a Spanish 
 poet who was born in Seville. Aleixandre received the Nobel Prize for Lite
 rature in 1977 "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's cond
 ition in the cosmos and in present-day society\, at the same time represen
 ting the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the war
 s". He was part of the Generation of '27.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature
  1977\, announced October 6\, 1977.\nVicente Aleixandre\, “for a creativ
 e poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in pr
 esent-day society\, at the same time representing the great renewal of the
  traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”.\nVicente Aleixandre: bo
 rn 1898\, Sevilla\, Spain.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Aleixa
 ndre\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Vicente Aleixandre
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771011
DESCRIPTION:Amnesty International is an international non-governmental orga
 nization focused on human rights\, with its headquarters in the United Kin
 gdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members and 
 supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to 
 campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights
  enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other internat
 ional human rights instruments". The organization has played a notable rol
 e on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by worl
 d leaders.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1977\, announced October 10\, 1977.\nA
 mnesty International\, “for worldwide respect for human rights”.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Amnesty International
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771012
DESCRIPTION:Philip Warren Anderson was an American theoretical physicist wh
 o shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nevill Mott and John Van Vle
 ck "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic str
 ucture of magnetic and disordered systems."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 
 1977\, announced October 11\, 1977.\nPhilip W. Anderson\, Sir Nevill F. Mo
 tt\, and John H. Van Vleck\, “for their fundamental theoretical investig
 ations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”.\
 nPhilip W. Anderson: born 1923\, Indianapolis\, IN\, USA.\nSir Nevill F. M
 ott: born 1905\, Leeds\, United Kingdom.\nJohn H. Van Vleck: born 1899\, M
 iddletown\, CT\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warren_Ander
 son\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Philip W. Anderson\, Sir Nevill F. Mott\, and Joh
 n H. Van Vleck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1977-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19771013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19771014
DESCRIPTION:Roger Charles Louis Guillemin was a French-American neuroscient
 ist. He received the National Medal of Science in 1976\, and the Nobel Pri
 ze for Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones\, sharing the prize 
 that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Physiology or Medicine 1977\, announced October 13\, 1977.\nRoger Gui
 llemin (1/4)\, “for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone pro
 duction of the brain”.\nAndrew V. Schally (1/4)\, “for their discoveri
 es concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain”.\nRosalyn Yal
 ow (1/2)\, “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
 ”.\nRoger Guillemin: born 1924\, Dijon\, France.\nAndrew V. Schally: bor
 n 1926\, Wilno\, Poland (now Vilnius\, Lithuania).\nRosalyn Yalow: born 19
 21\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Guillemin
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Schally\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Roger Guillemin\, Andrew V. Schally\, and Rosalyn 
 Yalow
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781018
DESCRIPTION:Peter Dennis Mitchell FRS was a British biochemist who was awar
 ded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his theory of the chemiosmotic 
 mechanism of ATP synthesis.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978\, announc
 ed October 17\, 1978.\nPeter Mitchell\, “for his contribution to the und
 erstanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the ch
 emiosmotic theory”.\nPeter Mitchell: born 1920\, Mitcham\, United Kingdo
 m.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Peter Mitchell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781017
DESCRIPTION:Herbert Alexander Simon was an American scholar whose work infl
 uenced the fields of computer science\, economics\, and cognitive psycholo
 gy. His primary research interest was decision-making within organizations
  and he is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satis
 ficing". He and Allen Newell received the ACM Turing Award in 1975\, and h
 e received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1978.\n\nThe S
 veriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978
 \, announced October 16\, 1978.\nHerbert Simon\, “for his pioneering res
 earch into the decision-making process within economic organizations”.\n
 Herbert Simon: born 1916\, Milwaukee\, WI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Herbert Simon
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781006
DESCRIPTION:Isaac Bashevis Singer was a Polish-born Jewish American novelis
 t\, short-story writer\, memoirist\, essayist\, and translator in the Unit
 ed States. Some of his works were adapted for the theater. He wrote and pu
 blished first in Yiddish and later translated his own works into English w
 ith the help of editors and collaborators. He was awarded the Nobel Prize 
 in Literature in 1978. A leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement\,
  he was awarded two U.S. National Book Awards\, one in Children's Literatu
 re for his memoir A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw
  (1970) and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Othe
 r Stories (1974).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1978\, announced Octobe
 r 5\, 1978.\nIsaac Bashevis Singer\, “for his impassioned narrative art 
 which\, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition\, brings universa
 l human conditions to life”.\nIsaac Bashevis Singer: born 1904\, Leoncin
 \, Russian Empire (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Bas
 hevis_Singer\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Isaac Bashevis Singer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781028
DESCRIPTION:Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat was an Egyptian politician and military
  officer who was the third president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassin
 ation in 1981. A former member of the Free Officers movement\, Sadat was v
 ice president under Gamal Abdel Nasser on two occasions and assumed the of
 fice on Nasser's death in 1970.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1978\, announced 
 October 27\, 1978.\nAnwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin\, “for jointly hav
 ing negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978”.\nAnwar al-Sadat:
  born 1918\, Mit Abu al-Kawm\, Egypt.\nMenachem Begin: born 1913\, Brest L
 itovsk\, Russian Empire (now Belarus).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An
 war_Sadat\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781018
DESCRIPTION:Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa\, also known as Peter Kapitza\, was a
  Russian and Soviet physicist\, whose research focused on low-temperature 
 physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1978\, announced October 17\, 1978.\nPyotr Kapitsa (1/2)\,
  “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperatur
 e physics”.\nArno Penzias (1/4)\, “for their discovery of cosmic micro
 wave background radiation”.\nRobert Woodrow Wilson (1/4)\, “for their 
 discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”.\nPyotr Kapitsa: bor
 n 1894\, Kronshtadt\, Russian Empire (now Russia).\nArno Penzias: born 193
 3\, Munich\, Germany.\nRobert Woodrow Wilson: born 1936\, Houston\, TX\, U
 SA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_W
 ilson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Pyotr Kapitsa\, Arno Penzias\, and Robert Woodrow
  Wilson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1978-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19781012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19781013
DESCRIPTION:Werner Arber is a Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. Along wi
 th American researchers Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans\, Werner Arber s
 hared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of 
 restriction endonucleases. Their work would lead to the development of rec
 ombinant DNA technology.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
 \, announced October 12\, 1978.\nWerner Arber\, Daniel Nathans\, and Hamil
 ton O. Smith\, “for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their appli
 cation to problems of molecular genetics”.\nWerner Arber: born 1929\, Gr
 änichen\, Switzerland.\nDaniel Nathans: born 1928\, Wilmington\, DE\, USA
 .\nHamilton O. Smith: born 1931\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Werner_Arber\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nathans\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Werner Arber\, Daniel Nathans\, and Hamilton O. Sm
 ith
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791016
DESCRIPTION:Herbert Charles Brown was an American chemist and recipient of 
 the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with organoboranes.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979\, announced October 15\, 1979.\nHerbert C. B
 rown and Georg Wittig\, “for their development of the use of boron- and 
 phosphorus-containing compounds\, respectively\, into important reagents i
 n organic synthesis”.\nHerbert C. Brown: born 1912\, London\, United Kin
 gdom.\nGeorg Wittig: born 1897\, Berlin\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wittig\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791017
DESCRIPTION:Theodore William Schultz was an American agricultural economist
  and chairman of the University of Chicago Department of Economics. Schult
 z rose to national prominence after winning the 1979 Nobel Memorial Prize 
 in Economic Sciences.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences 
 in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979\, announced October 16\, 1979.\nTheodore W.
  Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis\, “for their pioneering research into econ
 omic development research with particular consideration of the problems of
  developing countries”.\nTheodore W. Schultz: born 1902\, Arlington\, SD
 \, USA.\nSir Arthur Lewis: born 1915\, Castries\, British West Indies (now
  Saint Lucia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Schultz\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_(economist)\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Theodore W. Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791019
DESCRIPTION:Odysseas Elytis was a Greek poet\, man of letters\, essayist an
 d translator\, regarded as the definitive exponent of romantic modernism i
 n Greece and the world. He is one of the most praised poets of the second 
 half of the twentieth century\, with his Axion Esti "regarded as a monumen
 t of contemporary poetry". In 1979\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1979\, announced October 18\, 19
 79.\nOdysseus Elytis\, “for his poetry\, which\, against the background 
 of Greek tradition\, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear
 -sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness”.\nOdyss
 eus Elytis: born 1911\, Iráklion\, Crete (now Greece).\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Odysseus Elytis
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791028
DESCRIPTION:Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu\, better known as Mother Teresa or Sain
 t Mother Teresa of Calcutta\, was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun\, founde
 r of the Missionaries of Charity and a Catholic saint.\n\nThe Nobel Peace 
 Prize 1979\, announced October 27\, 1979.\nMother Teresa\, “for her work
  for bringing help to suffering humanity”.\nMother Teresa: born 1910\, U
 skup\, Ottoman Empire (now Skopje\, North Macedonia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Mother Teresa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791016
DESCRIPTION:Sheldon Lee Glashow is an American theoretical physicist. He sh
 ared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg 
 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagn
 etic interaction between elementary particles\, including\, inter alia\, t
 he prediction of the weak neutral current". He is the Metcalf Professor of
  Mathematics and Physics at Boston University\, and a Eugene Higgins Profe
 ssor of Physics\, emeritus\, at Harvard University. Glashow is a member of
  the board of sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.\n\nThe N
 obel Prize in Physics 1979\, announced October 15\, 1979.\nSheldon Glashow
 \, Abdus Salam\, and Steven Weinberg\, “for their contributions to the t
 heory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementa
 ry particles\, including\, inter alia\, the prediction of the weak neutral
  current”.\nSheldon Glashow: born 1932\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nAbdus Sal
 am: born 1926\, Jhang Maghiāna\, India (now Pakistan).\nSteven Weinberg: 
 born 1933\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_
 Lee_Glashow\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Sheldon Glashow\, Abdus Salam\, and Steven Weinbe
 rg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1979-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19791011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19791012
DESCRIPTION:Allan MacLeod Cormack was a South African and American physicis
 t\, academic\, and Nobel Laureate. He was Professor of Physics at Tufts Un
 iversity and won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his wo
 rk on X-ray computed tomography (CT)\, a significant and unusual achieveme
 nt since Cormack did not hold a doctoral degree in any scientific field.\n
 \nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979\, announced October 11\, 
 1979.\nAllan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield\, “for the development
  of computer assisted tomography”.\nAllan M. Cormack: born 1924\, Johann
 esburg\, South Africa.\nGodfrey N. Hounsfield: born 1919\, Newark\, United
  Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801015
DESCRIPTION:Paul Berg was an American biochemist and professor at Stanford 
 University.\nHe received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his fundam
 ental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids\, with particular regar
 d to recombinant-DNA".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980\, announced Oc
 tober 14\, 1980.\nPaul Berg (1/2)\, “for his fundamental studies of the 
 biochemistry of nucleic acids\, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
 ”.\nWalter Gilbert (1/4)\, “for their contributions concerning the det
 ermination of base sequences in nucleic acids”.\nFrederick Sanger (1/4)\
 , “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequence
 s in nucleic acids”.\nPaul Berg: born 1926\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nWalte
 r Gilbert: born 1932\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\nFrederick Sanger: born 1918\, R
 endcombe\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berg\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gilbert\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F
 rederick_Sanger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Paul Berg\, Walter Gilbert\, and Frederick Sanger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801016
DESCRIPTION:Lawrence Robert Klein was an American economist. For his work i
 n creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of eco
 nometrics in the Department of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania
 \, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1980 sp
 ecifically "for the creation of econometric models and their application t
 o the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies." Due to his
  efforts\, such models have become widespread among economists. Harvard Un
 iversity professor Martin Feldstein told the Wall Street Journal that Klei
 n "was the first to create the statistical models that embodied Keynesian 
 economics\," tools still used by the Federal Reserve Bank and other centra
 l banks.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of 
 Alfred Nobel 1980\, announced October 15\, 1980.\nLawrence R. Klein\, “f
 or the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis 
 of economic fluctuations and economic policies”.\nLawrence R. Klein: bor
 n 1920\, Omaha\, NE\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Klein
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Lawrence R. Klein
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801010
DESCRIPTION:Czesław Miłosz was a Polish-American poet\, prose writer\, tr
 anslator\, and diplomat. Regarded as one of the great poets of the 20th ce
 ntury\, he won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature. In its citation\, the S
 wedish Academy called Miłosz a writer who "voices man's exposed condition
  in a world of severe conflicts".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1980\, 
 announced October 9\, 1980.\nCzesław Miłosz\, “who with uncompromising
  clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe con
 flicts”.\nCzesław Miłosz: born 1911\, Śeteniai\, Russian Empire (now 
 Lithuania).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesław_Miłosz\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Czesław Miłosz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801028
DESCRIPTION:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel is an Argentine activist\, community org
 anizer\, painter\, writer and sculptor. He was the recipient of the 1980 N
 obel Peace Prize for his opposition to Argentina's last civil-military dic
 tatorship (1976–1983)\, during which he was detained\, tortured\, and he
 ld without trial for 14 months. He also received\, among other distinction
 s\, the Pacem in Terris Award.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1980\, announced O
 ctober 27\, 1980.\nAdolfo Pérez Esquivel\, “for being a source of inspi
 ration to repressed people\, especially in Latin America”.\nAdolfo Pére
 z Esquivel: born 1931\, Buenos Aires\, Argentina.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Adolfo_Pérez_Esquivel\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801015
DESCRIPTION:James Watson Cronin was an American particle physicist.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Physics 1980\, announced October 14\, 1980.\nJames Cronin a
 nd Val Fitch\, “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry 
 principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”.\nJames Cronin: born 1931\,
  Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nVal Fitch: born 1923\, Merriman\, NE\, USA.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cronin\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_L
 ogsdon_Fitch\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · James Cronin and Val Fitch
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1980-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19801010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19801011
DESCRIPTION:Baruj Benacerraf Lasry was a Venezuelan immunologist\, who shar
 ed the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of th
 e major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein
  molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and 
 non-self." His colleagues and shared recipients were Jean Dausset and Geor
 ge Davis Snell.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980\, announ
 ced October 10\, 1980.\nBaruj Benacerraf\, Jean Dausset\, and George D. Sn
 ell\, “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structure
 s on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”.\nBaruj Ben
 acerraf: born 1920\, Caracas\, Venezuela.\nJean Dausset: born 1916\, Toulo
 use\, France.\nGeorge D. Snell: born 1903\, Bradford\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je
 an_Dausset\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Davis_Snell\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Baruj Benacerraf\, Jean Dausset\, and George D. Sn
 ell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811020
DESCRIPTION:Kenichi Fukui  was a Japanese chemist. He became the first pers
 on of East Asian ancestry to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry when 
 he won the 1981 prize with Roald Hoffmann\, for their independent investig
 ations into the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Fukui's prize-winning wo
 rk focused on the role of frontier orbitals in chemical reactions: specifi
 cally that molecules share loosely bonded electrons which occupy the front
 ier orbitals\, that is\, the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and
  the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Che
 mistry 1981\, announced October 19\, 1981.\nKenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffma
 nn\, “for their theories\, developed independently\, concerning the cour
 se of chemical reactions”.\nKenichi Fukui: born 1918\, Nara\, Japan.\nRo
 ald Hoffmann: born 1937\, Zloczov\, Poland (now Ukraine).\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Hoffma
 nn\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811014
DESCRIPTION:James Tobin was an American economist who served on the Council
  of Economic Advisers and consulted with the Board of Governors of the Fed
 eral Reserve System\, and taught at Yale University. He contributed to the
  development of key ideas in the Keynesian economics of his generation and
  advocated government intervention in particular to stabilize output and a
 void recessions. His academic work included pioneering contributions to th
 e study of investment\, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. 
 He also proposed an econometric model for censored dependent variables\, t
 he well-known tobit model.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scie
 nces in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981\, announced October 13\, 1981.\nJames 
 Tobin\, “for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to ex
 penditure decisions\, employment\, production and prices”.\nJames Tobin:
  born 1918\, Champaign\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_
 Tobin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · James Tobin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811016
DESCRIPTION:Elias Canetti was a German-language writer\, known as a moderni
 st novelist\, playwright\, memoirist\, and nonfiction writer.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Literature 1981\, announced October 15\, 1981.\nElias Canetti\, 
 “for writings marked by a broad outlook\, a wealth of ideas and artistic
  power”.\nElias Canetti: born 1905\, Ruse\, Bulgaria.\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Elias_Canetti\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Elias Canetti
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811015
DESCRIPTION:The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees\,
  forcibly displaced communities\, and stateless people\, and to assist in 
 their voluntary repatriation\, local integration or resettlement to a thir
 d country. It is headquartered in Geneva\, Switzerland\, and has 20\,305 s
 taff working in 136 countries as of December 2023.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Priz
 e 1981\, announced October 14\, 1981.\nOffice of the United Nations High C
 ommissioner for Refugees\, “for promoting the fundamental rights of refu
 gees”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner
 _for_Refugees\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
  Refugees
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811020
DESCRIPTION:Nicolaas Bloembergen was a Dutch–American physicist recognize
 d for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics fo
 r laser spectroscopy. During his career\, he was a professor at Harvard Un
 iversity and later at the University of Arizona and at Leiden University i
 n 1973.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1981\, announced October 19\, 1981.\
 nNicolaas Bloembergen (1/4)\, “for their contribution to the development
  of laser spectroscopy”.\nArthur L. Schawlow (1/4)\, “for their contri
 bution to the development of laser spectroscopy”.\nKai M. Siegbahn (1/2)
 \, “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron 
 spectroscopy”.\nNicolaas Bloembergen: born 1920\, Dordrecht\, the Nether
 lands.\nArthur L. Schawlow: born 1921\, Mount Vernon\, NY\, USA.\nKai M. S
 iegbahn: born 1918\, Lund\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol
 aas_Bloembergen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Nicolaas Bloembergen\, Arthur L. Schawlow\, and K
 ai M. Siegbahn
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1981-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19811009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19811010
DESCRIPTION:Roger Wolcott Sperry was an American neuropsychologist\, neurob
 iologist\, cognitive neuroscientist\, who\, together with David H. Hubel a
 nd Torsten Nils Wiesel\, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work
  with split-brain research. A Review of General Psychology survey\, publis
 hed in 2002\, ranked Sperry as the 44th most cited psychologist of the 20t
 h century.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981\, announced O
 ctober 9\, 1981.\nRoger W. Sperry (1/2)\, “for his discoveries concernin
 g the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”.\nDavid H. 
 Hubel (1/4)\, “for their discoveries concerning information processing i
 n the visual system”.\nTorsten N. Wiesel (1/4)\, “for their discoverie
 s concerning information processing in the visual system”.\nRoger W. Spe
 rry: born 1913\, Hartford\, CT\, USA.\nDavid H. Hubel: born 1926\, Windsor
 \, ON\, Canada.\nTorsten N. Wiesel: born 1924\, Uppsala\, Sweden.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/David_H._Hubel\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Roger W. Sperry\, David H. Hubel\, and Torsten N. 
 Wiesel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821019
DESCRIPTION:Sir Aaron Klug was a British biophysicist and chemist. He was a
  winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crysta
 llographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologica
 lly important nucleic acid-protein complexes.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemis
 try 1982\, announced October 18\, 1982.\nAaron Klug\, “for his developme
 nt of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation 
 of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes”.\nAaron Klug: 
 born 1926\, Zelvas\, Lithuania.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Klu
 g\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Aaron Klug
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821020
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821021
DESCRIPTION:George Joseph Stigler was an American economist. He was the 198
 2 laureate in Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and is considered 
 a key leader of the Chicago school of economics.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank 
 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982\, announced Octo
 ber 20\, 1982.\nGeorge J. Stigler\, “for his seminal studies of industri
 al structures\, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public re
 gulation”.\nGeorge J. Stigler: born 1911\, Renton\, WA\, USA.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stigler\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · George J. Stigler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821022
DESCRIPTION:Gabriel José García Márquez was a Colombian writer and journ
 alist\, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America. C
 onsidered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century\, partic
 ularly in the Spanish language\, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt Internat
 ional Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. He purs
 ued a self-directed education that resulted in leaving law school for a ca
 reer in journalism. From early on he showed no inhibitions in his criticis
 m of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958\, he married Mercedes Barcha 
 Pardo\; they had two sons\, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature 1982\, announced October 21\, 1982.\nGabriel García Márquez\, 
 “for his novels and short stories\, in which the fantastic and the reali
 stic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination\, reflecting a
  continent's life and conflicts”.\nGabriel García Márquez: born 1927\,
  Aracataca\, Colombia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_García_M
 árquez\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Gabriel García Márquez
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821014
DESCRIPTION:Alva Myrdal was a Swedish sociologist\, diplomat and politician
 . She was a prominent leader of the disarmament movement. She\, along with
  Alfonso García Robles\, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982. She marr
 ied Gunnar Myrdal in 1924\; he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Econom
 ic Sciences in 1974\, making them the fourth ever married couple to have w
 on Nobel Prizes\, and the first to win independent of each other.\n\nThe N
 obel Peace Prize 1982\, announced October 13\, 1982.\nAlva Myrdal and Alfo
 nso García Robles\, “for their work for disarmament and nuclear and wea
 pon-free zones”.\nAlva Myrdal: born 1902\, Uppsala\, Sweden.\nAlfonso Ga
 rcía Robles: born 1911\, Zamora\, Mexico.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Alva_Myrdal\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_García_Robles\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821019
DESCRIPTION:Kenneth Geddes "Ken" Wilson was an American theoretical physici
 st and a pioneer in using computers for studying particle physics. He was 
 awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on phase transitions
 —illuminating the subtle essence of phenomena like melting ice and emerg
 ing magnetism. It was embodied in his fundamental work on the renormalizat
 ion group.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1982\, announced October 18\, 198
 2.\nKenneth G. Wilson\, “for his theory for critical phenomena in connec
 tion with phase transitions”.\nKenneth G. Wilson: born 1936\, Waltham\, 
 MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Kenneth G. Wilson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1982-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19821011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19821012
DESCRIPTION:Karl Sune Detlof Bergström was a Swedish biochemist. In 1975\,
  he was appointed to the Nobel Foundation Board of Directors in Sweden\, a
 nd was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University\, t
 ogether with Bengt I. Samuelsson.\nHe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology
  or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982\, for disco
 veries concerning prostaglandins and related substances.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Physiology or Medicine 1982\, announced October 11\, 1982.\nSune K. B
 ergström\, Bengt I. Samuelsson\, and John R. Vane\, “for their discover
 ies concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
 ”.\nSune K. Bergström: born 1916\, Stockholm\, Sweden.\nBengt I. Samuel
 sson: born 1934\, Halmstad\, Sweden.\nJohn R. Vane: born 1927\, Tardebigg\
 , United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sune_Bergström\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /John_Vane\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sune K. Bergström\, Bengt I. Samuelsson\, and Joh
 n R. Vane
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831020
DESCRIPTION:Henry Taube was a Canadian-born American chemist who was awarde
 d the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his work in the mechanisms of ele
 ctron-transfer reactions\, especially in metal complexes." He was the seco
 nd Canadian-born chemist to win the Nobel Prize\, and remains the only Sas
 katchewanian-born Nobel laureate. Taube completed his undergraduate and ma
 ster's degrees at the University of Saskatchewan\, and his PhD from the Un
 iversity of California\, Berkeley. After finishing graduate school\, Taube
  worked at Cornell University\, the University of Chicago and Stanford Uni
 versity.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983\, announced October 19\, 198
 3.\nHenry Taube\, “for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer r
 eactions\, especially in metal complexes”.\nHenry Taube: born 1915\, Neu
 dorf\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Taube\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Henry Taube
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831018
DESCRIPTION:Gérard Debreu was a French-born economist and mathematician. B
 est known as a professor of economics at the University of California\, Be
 rkeley\, where he began work in 1962\, he won the 1983 Nobel Memorial Priz
 e in Economic Sciences.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Science
 s in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983\, announced October 17\, 1983.\nGerard De
 breu\, “for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic the
 ory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibriu
 m”.\nGerard Debreu: born 1921\, Calais\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Gérard_Debreu\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Gerard Debreu
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831027
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831028
DESCRIPTION:Sir William Gerald Golding was a British novelist\, playwright\
 , and poet. Best known for his debut novel Lord of the Flies (1954)\, Gold
 ing published another 12 volumes of fiction in his lifetime. In 1980\, Gol
 ding was awarded the Booker Prize for Rites of Passage\, the first novel i
 n what became his sea trilogy\, To the Ends of the Earth. Golding was awar
 ded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1
 983\, announced October 27\, 1983.\nWilliam Golding\, “for his novels wh
 ich\, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity an
 d universality of myth\, illuminate the human condition in the world of to
 day”.\nWilliam Golding: born 1911\, Newquay\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Golding\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · William Golding
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831006
DESCRIPTION:Lech Wałęsa is a Polish statesman\, anti-communist dissident 
 and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who served as the president of Poland betwe
 en 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election\, Wałęsa became the fi
 rst democratically elected president of Poland since 1922 and the first-ev
 er Polish president elected by popular vote. An electrician by trade\, Wa
 łęsa became the leader of the opposition Solidarity movement and led a s
 uccessful pro-democratic effort\, which in 1989 ended Communist rule in Po
 land and ushered in the end of the Cold War.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1983
 \, announced October 5\, 1983.\nLech Wałęsa\, “for non-violent struggl
 e for free trade unions and human rights in Poland”.\nLech Wałęsa: bor
 n 1943\, Popowo\, Poland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wałęsa\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Lech Wałęsa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831020
DESCRIPTION:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an Indian-American astrophysicis
 t. He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his theoretical studies 
 of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of 
 the stars." His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many o
 f the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massi
 ve stars. The Chandrasekhar limit describes the maximum mass of a white dw
 arf. Above it\, a stellar remnant will collapse to form a neutron star or 
 black hole. Many concepts\, institutions and inventions\, including the Ch
 andra X-Ray Observatory\, are named after him.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs 1983\, announced October 19\, 1983.\nSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1/2)\,
  “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to
  the structure and evolution of the stars”.\nWilliam A. Fowler (1/2)\, 
 “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions o
 f importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”.
 \nSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: born 1910\, Lahore\, India (now Pakistan).\n
 William A. Fowler: born 1911\, Pittsburgh\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil
 liam_Alfred_Fowler\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and William A. Fowler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1983-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19831010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19831011
DESCRIPTION:Barbara McClintock was an American cytogeneticist who was award
 ed the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her
  PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There\, she started her ca
 reer as the leader of the development of maize cytogenetics\, the focus of
  her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s\, McClintock s
 tudied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She d
 eveloped the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microsco
 pic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those i
 deas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing-over during meios
 is—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She demonstrat
 ed the role of the telomere and centromere\, regions of the chromosome tha
 t are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recogn
 ized as among the best in the field\, awarded prestigious fellowships\, an
 d elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983\, announced October 10\, 1983.\nBa
 rbara McClintock\, “for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”.\nBa
 rbara McClintock: born 1902\, Hartford\, CT\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Barbara McClintock
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841018
DESCRIPTION:Robert Bruce Merrifield was an American biochemist who won the 
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984 for the invention of solid phase peptide 
 synthesis.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984\, announced October 17\, 1
 984.\nBruce Merrifield\, “for his development of methodology for chemica
 l synthesis on a solid matrix”.\nBruce Merrifield: born 1921\, Fort Wort
 h\, TX\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Bruce Merrifield
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841019
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone was an eminent British economis
 t. He was educated at Gonville and Caius College and King's College at the
  University of Cambridge. In 1984\, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Priz
 e in Economic Sciences for developing an accounting model that could be us
 ed to track economic activities on a national and\, later\, an internation
 al scale.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of
  Alfred Nobel 1984\, announced October 18\, 1984.\nRichard Stone\, “for 
 having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of nat
 ional accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic
  analysis”.\nRichard Stone: born 1913\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stone\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Richard Stone
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841127
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841128
DESCRIPTION:Jaroslav Seifert was a Czech writer\, poet and journalist. Seif
 ert was awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his poetry which e
 ndowed with freshness\, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liber
 ating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man".\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Literature 1984\, announced November 27\, 1984.\nJaroslav Seife
 rt\, “for his poetry which endowed with freshness\, sensuality and rich 
 inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and ve
 rsatility of man”.\nJaroslav Seifert: born 1901\, Prague\, Austria-Hunga
 ry (now Czech Republic).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Jaroslav Seifert
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841006
DESCRIPTION:Desmond Mpilo Tutu was a South African Anglican bishop and theo
 logian\, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist
 . He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of C
 ape Town from 1986 to 1996\, in both cases being the first black African t
 o hold the position. Theologically\, he sought to fuse ideas from black th
 eology with African theology.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1984\, announced Oc
 tober 5\, 1984.\nDesmond Tutu\, “for his role as a unifying leader figur
 e in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South
  Africa”.\nDesmond Tutu: born 1931\, Klerksdorp\, South Africa.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Desmond Tutu
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841018
DESCRIPTION:Carlo Rubbia is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who 
 shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work
  leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physics 1984\, announced October 17\, 1984.\nCarlo Rubbia and Simo
 n van der Meer\, “for their decisive contributions to the large project\
 , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z\, communicator
 s of weak interaction”.\nCarlo Rubbia: born 1934\, Gorizia\, Italy.\nSim
 on van der Meer: born 1925\, the Hague\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der
 _Meer\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1984-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19841015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19841016
DESCRIPTION:Niels Kaj Jerne\, FRS was a Danish immunologist. He shared the 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Georges J. F. Köhler a
 nd César Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development
  and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for p
 roduction of monoclonal antibodies".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or M
 edicine 1984\, announced October 15\, 1984.\nNiels K. Jerne\, Georges J.F.
  Köhler\, and César Milstein\, “for theories concerning the specificit
 y in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the
  principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”.\nNiels K. Jerne: bo
 rn 1911\, London\, United Kingdom.\nGeorges J.F. Köhler: born 1946\, Muni
 ch\, Germany.\nCésar Milstein: born 1927\, Bahia Blanca\, Argentina.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Georges_J._F._Köhler\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Milstein\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Niels K. Jerne\, Georges J.F. Köhler\, and César
  Milstein
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851017
DESCRIPTION:Herbert Aaron Hauptman was an American mathematician and Nobel 
 laureate. He pioneered and developed a mathematical method that has change
 d the whole field of chemistry and opened a new era in research in determi
 nation of molecular structures of crystallized materials. Today\, Hauptman
 's direct methods\, which he continued to improve and refine\, are routine
 ly used to solve complicated structures. It was the application of this ma
 thematical method to a wide variety of chemical structures that led the Ro
 yal Swedish Academy of Sciences to name Hauptman and Jerome Karle recipien
 ts of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1
 985\, announced October 16\, 1985.\nHerbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle\,
  “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct method
 s for the determination of crystal structures”.\nHerbert A. Hauptman: bo
 rn 1917\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nJerome Karle: born 1918\, New York\, NY\, 
 USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karle\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851016
DESCRIPTION:Franco Modigliani was an Italian-American economist and the rec
 ipient of the 1985 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. He was a professor a
 t University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign\, Carnegie Mellon Universit
 y\, and MIT Sloan School of Management.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in 
 Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985\, announced October 15\, 
 1985.\nFranco Modigliani\, “for his pioneering analyses of saving and of
  financial markets”.\nFranco Modigliani: born 1918\, Rome\, Italy.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modigliani\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Franco Modigliani
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851127
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851128
DESCRIPTION:Claude Eugène Henri Simon was a French novelist and recipient 
 of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 19
 85\, announced November 27\, 1985.\nClaude Simon\, “who in his novel com
 bines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness 
 of time in the depiction of the human condition”.\nClaude Simon: born 19
 13\, Tananarive (now Antananarivo)\, Madagascar.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Claude_Simon\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Claude Simon
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851006
DESCRIPTION:International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPP
 NW) is a non-partisan federation of national medical groups in 63 countrie
 s\, representing doctors\, medical students\, other health workers\, and c
 oncerned people who share the goal of creating a more peaceful and secure 
 world free from the threat of nuclear annihilation. The organization's hea
 dquarters is in Malden\, Massachusetts. IPPNW was awarded the Nobel Peace 
 Prize in 1985.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1985\, announced October 5\, 1985.
 \nInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War\, “for spre
 ading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrop
 hic consequences of nuclear war”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter
 national_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuc
 lear War
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851017
DESCRIPTION:Klaus von Klitzing is a German physicist\, known for discovery 
 of the integer quantum Hall effect\, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nob
 el Prize in Physics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1985\, announced Octobe
 r 16\, 1985.\nKlaus von Klitzing\, “for the discovery of the quantized H
 all effect”.\nKlaus von Klitzing: born 1943\, Schroda\, German-occupied 
 Poland (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Klaus von Klitzing
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1985-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19851014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19851015
DESCRIPTION:Michael Stuart Brown ForMemRS NAS AAA&S APS is an American gene
 ticist and Nobel laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
  Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation o
 f cholesterol metabolism.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 198
 5\, announced October 14\, 1985.\nMichael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
 \, “for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metab
 olism”.\nMichael S. Brown: born 1941\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nJoseph L. G
 oldstein: born 1940\, Sumter\, SC\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Michael_Stuart_Brown\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1986-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861016
DESCRIPTION:Dudley Robert Herschbach is an American chemist at Harvard Univ
 ersity. He won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Yuan T. Lee 
 and John C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of ch
 emical elementary processes". Herschbach and Lee specifically worked with 
 molecular beams\, performing crossed molecular beam experiments that enabl
 ed a detailed molecular-level understanding of many elementary reaction pr
 ocesses. Herschbach is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin o
 f the Atomic Scientists.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986\, announced 
 October 15\, 1986.\nDudley R. Herschbach\, Yuan T. Lee\, and John C. Polan
 yi\, “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elemen
 tary processes”.\nDudley R. Herschbach: born 1932\, San José\, CA\, USA
 .\nYuan T. Lee: born 1936\, Hsinchu\, Taiwan.\nJohn C. Polanyi: born 1929\
 , Berlin\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 John_Polanyi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Dudley R. Herschbach\, Yuan T. Lee\, and John C. 
 Polanyi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013500Z
UID:nobel-1986-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861017
DESCRIPTION:James McGill Buchanan Jr. was an American economist known for h
 is work on public choice theory originally outlined in his most famous wor
 k\, The Calculus of Consent\, co-authored with Gordon Tullock in 1962. He 
 continued to develop the theory\, eventually receiving the Nobel Memorial 
 Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Econ
 omic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1986\, announced October 16\, 1986
 .\nJames M. Buchanan Jr.\, “for his development of the contractual and c
 onstitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-maki
 ng”.\nJames M. Buchanan Jr.: born 1919\, Murfreesboro\, TN\, USA.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Buchanan\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation
  (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · James M. Buchanan Jr.
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1986-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861017
DESCRIPTION:Akinwande Oluwole Babatunde Soyinka is a Nigerian writer\, play
 wright\, and poet. He has written three novels\, ten collections of short 
 stories\, seven poetry collections\, twenty-five plays and five memoirs. H
 e has also written two translated works and many articles and short storie
 s for newspapers and periodicals. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in L
 iterature for his "wide cultural perspective and poetic overtones fashioni
 ng the drama of existence".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1986\, announ
 ced October 16\, 1986.\nWole Soyinka\, “who in a wide cultural perspecti
 ve and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”.\nWole Soy
 inka: born 1934\, Abeokuta\, Nigeria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
 e_Soyinka\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Wole Soyinka
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1986-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861015
DESCRIPTION:Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel was a Romanian-born American writer\, pro
 fessor\, political activist\, Nobel laureate\, and Holocaust survivor. He 
 authored 57 books\, written mostly in French and English\, including Night
 \, which is based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner at Auschwitz and
  Buchenwald during the Holocaust.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1986\, announce
 d October 14\, 1986.\nElie Wiesel\, “for being a messenger to mankind: h
 is message is one of peace\, atonement and dignity”.\nElie Wiesel: born 
 1928\, Sighet\, Romania.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Elie Wiesel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1986-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861016
DESCRIPTION:Ernst August Friedrich Ruska was a German physicist who won the
  Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics\, includin
 g the design of the first electron microscope.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs 1986\, announced October 15\, 1986.\nErnst Ruska (1/2)\, “for his fun
 damental work in electron optics\, and for the design of the first electro
 n microscope”.\nGerd Binnig (1/4)\, “for their design of the scanning 
 tunneling microscope”.\nHeinrich Rohrer (1/4)\, “for their design of t
 he scanning tunneling microscope”.\nErnst Ruska: born 1906\, Heidelberg\
 , Germany.\nGerd Binnig: born 1947\, Frankfurt-on-the-Main\, West Germany 
 (now Germany).\nHeinrich Rohrer: born 1933\, Buchs\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_B
 innig\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Ernst Ruska\, Gerd Binnig\, and Heinrich Rohrer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1986-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19861013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19861014
DESCRIPTION:Stanley Cohen was an American biochemist who\, along with Rita 
 Levi-Montalcini\, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
  1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epider
 mal growth factor.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986\, ann
 ounced October 13\, 1986.\nStanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini\, “for
  their discoveries of growth factors”.\nStanley Cohen: born 1922\, Brook
 lyn\, NY\, USA.\nRita Levi-Montalcini: born 1909\, Turin\, Italy.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871015
DESCRIPTION:Donald James Cram was an American chemist who shared the 1987 N
 obel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for 
 their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interaction
 s of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–gues
 t chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987\, announced October 14\,
  1987.\nDonald J. Cram\, Jean-Marie Lehn\, and Charles J. Pedersen\, “fo
 r their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interacti
 ons of high selectivity”.\nDonald J. Cram: born 1919\, Chester\, VT\, US
 A.\nJean-Marie Lehn: born 1939\, Rosheim\, France.\nCharles J. Pedersen: b
 orn 1904\, Pusan\, Korea (now South Korea).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Donald_J._Cram\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Donald J. Cram\, Jean-Marie Lehn\, and Charles J.
  Pedersen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871021
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871022
DESCRIPTION:Robert Merton Solow was an American economist known for his stu
 dies of economic growth and the development of the Solow–Swan model\, fo
 r which he won the 1987 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.\n\nThe 
 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 198
 7\, announced October 21\, 1987.\nRobert M. Solow\, “for his contributio
 ns to the theory of economic growth”.\nRobert M. Solow: born 1924\, Broo
 klyn\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert M. Solow
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871022
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871023
DESCRIPTION:Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky\, anglicized as Joseph\, was a Rus
 sian and American poet and essayist.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1987
 \, announced October 22\, 1987.\nJoseph Brodsky\, “for an all-embracing 
 authorship\, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”.\nJose
 ph Brodsky: born 1940\, Leningrad\, USSR (now St. Petersburg\, Russia).\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Joseph Brodsky
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871014
DESCRIPTION:Óscar Arias Sánchez is a Costa Rican politician\, activist an
 d Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was the president of Costa Rica from 1986
  to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1987\, announced 
 October 13\, 1987.\nOscar Arias Sánchez\, “for his work for lasting pea
 ce in Central America”.\nOscar Arias Sánchez: born 1940\, Heredia\, Cos
 ta Rica.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Óscar_Arias\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Oscar Arias Sánchez
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871015
DESCRIPTION:Johannes Georg Bednorz is a German physicist who\, together wit
 h K. Alex Müller\, discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceram
 ics\, for which they shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Physics 1987\, announced October 14\, 1987.\nJ. Georg Bednorz and
  K. Alex Müller\, “for their important break-through in the discovery o
 f superconductivity in ceramic materials”.\nJ. Georg Bednorz: born 1950\
 , Neuenkirchen\, West Germany (now Germany).\nK. Alex Müller: born 1927\,
  Basel\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Bednorz\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alex_Müller\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1987-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19871012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19871013
DESCRIPTION:Susumu Tonegawa  was a Japanese scientist who was the sole reci
 pient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987 for his discov
 ery of V(D)J recombination\, the genetic mechanism which produces antibody
  diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology\, T
 onegawa was a molecular biologist by training and\, following his Nobel Pr
 ize win\, changed fields to neuroscience\, examining the molecular\, cellu
 lar and neuronal basis of memory formation and retrieval.\n\nThe Nobel Pri
 ze in Physiology or Medicine 1987\, announced October 12\, 1987.\nSusumu T
 onegawa\, “for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of 
 antibody diversity”.\nSusumu Tonegawa: born 1939\, Nagoya\, Japan.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Susumu Tonegawa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19881019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19881020
DESCRIPTION:Johann Deisenhofer is a German biochemist who\, along with Hart
 mut Michel and Robert Huber\, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 19
 88 for their determination of the first crystal structure of an integral m
 embrane protein\, a membrane-bound complex of proteins and co-factors that
  is essential to photosynthesis.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988\, an
 nounced October 19\, 1988.\nJohann Deisenhofer\, Robert Huber\, and Hartmu
 t Michel\, “for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of 
 a photosynthetic reaction centre”.\nJohann Deisenhofer: born 1943\, Zusa
 maltheim\, Germany.\nRobert Huber: born 1937\, Munich\, Germany.\nHartmut 
 Michel: born 1948\, Ludwigsburg\, West Germany (now Germany).\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob
 ert_Huber\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Michel\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Johann Deisenhofer\, Robert Huber\, and Hartmut M
 ichel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19881018
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19881019
DESCRIPTION:Maurice Félix Charles Allais was a French physicist and econom
 ist\, the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "fo
 r his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient util
 ization of resources"\, along with John Hicks and Paul Samuelson\, to neoc
 lassical synthesis. They formalize the self-regulation of markets\, which 
 Keynes refuted but reiterated some of Allais's ideas.\n\nThe Sveriges Riks
 bank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1988\, announced
  October 18\, 1988.\nMaurice Allais\, “for his pioneering contributions 
 to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources”.\nMauri
 ce Allais: born 1911\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma
 urice_Allais\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Maurice Allais
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19881013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19881014
DESCRIPTION:Naguib Mahfouz Abdelaziz Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Basha was an Egyptian
  writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature. In awarding the prize\
 , the Swedish Academy described him as a writer "who\, through works rich 
 in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic\, now evocatively ambiguous 
 – has formed an Egyptian narrative art that applies to all mankind".\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988\, announced October 13\, 1988.\nNaguib 
 Mahfouz\, “who\, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly real
 istic\, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art th
 at applies to all mankind”.\nNaguib Mahfouz: born 1911\, Cairo\, Egypt.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Naguib Mahfouz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19880929
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19880930
DESCRIPTION:United Nations peacekeeping is the deployment of international 
 military\, police\, and civilian personnel under United Nations command to
  help countries transition from conflict to peace. Authorized by the Unite
 d Nations Security Council and administered by the Department of Peace Ope
 rations\, it is one of the principal instruments through which the United 
 Nations addresses threats to international peace and security. It is disti
 nguished from peacemaking\, peace enforcement\, and peacebuilding\, althou
 gh these activities may overlap in practice.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1988
 \, announced September 29\, 1988.\nUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces\, 
 “for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations
 ”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19881019
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19881020
DESCRIPTION:Leon Max Lederman was an American experimental physicist who re
 ceived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988\, along with Melvin Schwartz and
  Jack Steinberger\, for research on neutrinos. He also received the Wolf P
 rize in Physics in 1982\, along with Martin Lewis Perl\, for research on q
 uarks and leptons. Lederman was director emeritus of Fermi National Accele
 rator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia\, Illinois. He founded the Illinois
  Mathematics and Science Academy\, in Aurora\, Illinois in 1986\, where he
  was resident scholar emeritus from 2012 until his death in 2018.\n\nThe N
 obel Prize in Physics 1988\, announced October 19\, 1988.\nLeon M. Lederma
 n\, Melvin Schwartz\, and Jack Steinberger\, “for the neutrino beam meth
 od and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through t
 he discovery of the muon neutrino”.\nLeon M. Lederman: born 1922\, New Y
 ork\, NY\, USA.\nMelvin Schwartz: born 1932\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nJack S
 teinberger: born 1921\, Bad Kissingen\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinberger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Leon M. Lederman\, Melvin Schwartz\, and Jack Ste
 inberger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1988-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19881017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19881018
DESCRIPTION:Sir James Whyte Black born was a Scottish physician and pharmac
 ologist. Together with Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings\, he shar
 ed the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 for pioneering strategies for rati
 onal drug-design\, which\, in his case\, led to the development of propran
 olol and cimetidine. Black established a Veterinary Physiology department 
 at the University of Glasgow\, where he became interested in the effects o
 f adrenaline on the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals i
 n 1958 and\, while there\, developed propranolol\, a beta blocker used for
  the treatment of heart disease. Black was also responsible for the develo
 pment of cimetidine\, an H2 receptor antagonist\, a drug used to treat sto
 mach ulcers.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988\, announced
  October 17\, 1988.\nSir James W. Black\, Gertrude B. Elion\, and George H
 . Hitchings\, “for their discoveries of important principles for drug tr
 eatment”.\nSir James W. Black: born 1924\, Uddingston\, Scotland.\nGertr
 ude B. Elion: born 1918\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nGeorge H. Hitchings: born 
 1905\, Hoquiam\, WA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_(p
 harmacologist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Hitchings\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir James W. Black\, Gertrude B. Elion\, and Georg
 e H. Hitchings
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891013
DESCRIPTION:Sidney Altman was a Canadian-American molecular biologist\, who
  was the Sterling Professor of Molecular\, Cellular\, and Developmental Bi
 ology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989\, he shared the Nobel Priz
 e in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic propert
 ies of RNA.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989\, announced October 12\, 
 1989.\nSidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech\, “for their discovery of cataly
 tic properties of RNA”.\nSidney Altman: born 1939\, Montreal\, Canada.\n
 Thomas R. Cech: born 1947\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Sidney_Altman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cech\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891012
DESCRIPTION:Trygve Magnus Haavelmo\, born in Skedsmo\, Norway\, was an econ
 omist whose research interests centered on econometrics. He received the N
 obel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1989.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank
  Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1989\, announced Oct
 ober 11\, 1989.\nTrygve Haavelmo\, “for his clarification of the probabi
 lity theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous e
 conomic structures”.\nTrygve Haavelmo: born 1911\, Skedsmo\, Norway.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Trygve Haavelmo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891010
DESCRIPTION:Camilo José Cela y Trulock\, 1st Marquess of Iria Flavia was a
  Spanish novelist\, poet\, story writer and essayist associated with the G
 eneration of '36 movement.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1989\, announc
 ed October 9\, 1989.\nCamilo José Cela\, “for a rich and intensive pros
 e\, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's v
 ulnerability”.\nCamilo José Cela: born 1916\, Iria Flavia\, Spain.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_José_Cela\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Camilo José Cela
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891006
DESCRIPTION:The 14th Dalai Lama is the current Dalai Lama\, the highest spi
 ritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. He served as the resident spir
 itual and temporal leader of Tibet before 1959\, and subsequently led the 
 Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administrat
 ion in Dharamshala\, India.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1989\, announced Octo
 ber 5\, 1989.\nThe 14th Dalai Lama\, “for advocating peaceful solutions 
 based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historica
 l and cultural heritage of his people”.\nThe 14th Dalai Lama: born 1935\
 , Taktser\, Tibet (now China).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai
 _Lama\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · The 14th Dalai Lama
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891013
DESCRIPTION:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. was an American physicist who was awar
 ded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the separated osc
 illatory field method\, which had important applications in the constructi
 on of atomic clocks. A physics professor at Harvard University for most of
  his career\, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and inte
 rnational agencies as NATO and the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
  Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the United States De
 partment of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.\n\nThe N
 obel Prize in Physics 1989\, announced October 12\, 1989.\nNorman F. Ramse
 y (1/2)\, “for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method 
 and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”.\nHans G. Deh
 melt (1/4)\, “for the development of the ion trap technique”.\nWolfgan
 g Paul (1/4)\, “for the development of the ion trap technique”.\nNorma
 n F. Ramsey: born 1915\, Washington\, D.C.\, USA.\nHans G. Dehmelt: born 1
 922\, Görlitz\, Prussia (now Germany).\nWolfgang Paul: born 1913\, Lorenz
 kirch\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey\,_J
 r.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Norman F. Ramsey\, Hans G. Dehmelt\, and Wolfgang
  Paul
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1989-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19891009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19891010
DESCRIPTION:John Michael Bishop was an American immunologist and microbiolo
 gist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold
  E. Varmus. He was a faculty member at the University of California\, San 
 Francisco (UCSF)\, where he also served as chancellor from 1998 to 2009.\n
 \nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989\, announced October 9\, 1
 989.\nJ. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus\, “for their discovery of t
 he cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”.\nJ. Michael Bishop: born 19
 36\, York\, PA\, USA.\nHarold E. Varmus: born 1939\, Oceanside\, NY\, USA.
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901018
DESCRIPTION:Elias James Corey is an American organic chemist. In 1990\, he 
 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and me
 thodology of organic synthesis"\, specifically retrosynthetic analysis.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990\, announced October 17\, 1990.\nElias J
 ames Corey\, “for his development of the theory and methodology of organ
 ic synthesis”.\nElias James Corey: born 1928\, Methuen\, MA\, USA.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_James_Corey\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Elias James Corey
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901017
DESCRIPTION:Harry Max Markowitz was an American economist who received the 
 1989 John von Neumann Theory Prize and the 1990 Nobel Memorial Prize in Ec
 onomic Sciences.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Me
 mory of Alfred Nobel 1990\, announced October 16\, 1990.\nHarry M. Markowi
 tz\, Merton H. Miller\, and William F. Sharpe\, “for their pioneering wo
 rk in the theory of financial economics”.\nHarry M. Markowitz: born 1927
 \, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nMerton H. Miller: born 1923\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\n
 William F. Sharpe: born 1934\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Harry_Markowitz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Miller\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsyth_Sharpe\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Harry M. Markowitz\, Merton H. Miller\, and Willi
 am F. Sharpe
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901012
DESCRIPTION:Octavio Paz Lozano was a Mexican philosopher\, poet\, and diplo
 mat. For his body of work\, he was awarded the 1977 Jerusalem Prize\, the 
 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize\, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for
  Literature\, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize i
 n Literature 1990\, announced October 11\, 1990.\nOctavio Paz\, “for imp
 assioned writing with wide horizons\, characterized by sensuous intelligen
 ce and humanistic integrity”.\nOctavio Paz: born 1914\, Mexico City\, Me
 xico.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Paz\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Octavio Paz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901016
DESCRIPTION:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet and Russian politici
 an who was the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until the country
 's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Pa
 rty from 1985\, and additionally as head of state from 1988. Ideologically
 \, he initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism\, but moved towards social d
 emocracy by the early 1990s.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1990\, announced Oct
 ober 15\, 1990.\nMikhail Gorbachev\, “for the leading role he played in 
 the radical changes in East-West relations”.\nMikhail Gorbachev: born 19
 31\, Privolnoye\, USSR (now Russia).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikh
 ail_Gorbachev\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Mikhail Gorbachev
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901017
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901018
DESCRIPTION:Jerome Isaac Friedman is an American physicist. He is institute
  professor and professor of physics\, emeritus\, at the Massachusetts Inst
 itute of Technology. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Hen
 ry Kendall and Richard Taylor\, "for their pioneering investigations conce
 rning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons
 \, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quar
 k model in particle physics."\, work which showed an internal structure fo
 r protons later known to be quarks. Friedman sits on the board of sponsors
  of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1
 990\, announced October 17\, 1990.\nJerome I. Friedman\, Henry W. Kendall\
 , and Richard E. Taylor\, “for their pioneering investigations concernin
 g deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons\, w
 hich have been of essential importance for the development of the quark mo
 del in particle physics”.\nJerome I. Friedman: born 1930\, Chicago\, IL\
 , USA.\nHenry W. Kendall: born 1926\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\nRichard E. Taylo
 r: born 1929\, Medicine Hat\, Alberta\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Way_Kend
 all\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Jerome I. Friedman\, Henry W. Kendall\, and Richa
 rd E. Taylor
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1990-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19901009
DESCRIPTION:Joseph Edward Murray was an American plastic surgeon who was aw
 arded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 with E. Donnall Th
 omas for "their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in t
 he treatment of human disease."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medici
 ne 1990\, announced October 8\, 1990.\nJoseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Tho
 mas\, “for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation i
 n the treatment of human disease”.\nJoseph E. Murray: born 1919\, Milfor
 d\, MA\, USA.\nE. Donnall Thomas: born 1920\, Mart\, TX\, USA.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Murray\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Donn
 all_Thomas\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911017
DESCRIPTION:Richard Robert Ernst was a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel lau
 reate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991\, announced October 16\, 1991.
 \nRichard R. Ernst\, “for his contributions to the development of the me
 thodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
 ”.\nRichard R. Ernst: born 1933\, Winterthur\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Richard R. Ernst
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911016
DESCRIPTION:Ronald Harry Coase was a British economist and author. Coase wa
 s educated at the London School of Economics\, where he was a member of th
 e faculty until 1951. He was the Clifton R. Musser Professor of Economics 
 at the University of Chicago Law School\, where he arrived in 1964 and rem
 ained for the rest of his life. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Ec
 onomic Sciences in 1991.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scienc
 es in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991\, announced October 15\, 1991.\nRonald H
 . Coase\, “for his discovery and clarification of the significance of tr
 ansaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and fu
 nctioning of the economy”.\nRonald H. Coase: born 1910\, Willesden\, Uni
 ted Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Ronald H. Coase
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911004
DESCRIPTION:Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer and political activi
 st. She received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1991\, recognised as a w
 riter "who through her magnificent epic writing has ... been of very great
  benefit to humanity".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1991\, announced O
 ctober 3\, 1991.\nNadine Gordimer\, “who through her magnificent epic wr
 iting has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to h
 umanity”.\nNadine Gordimer: born 1923\, Springs\, South Africa.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Nadine Gordimer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911015
DESCRIPTION:Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese politician\, diplomat\, and autho
 r who served as State Counsellor of Myanmar and Union Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs from 2016 to 2021. She has served as the general secretary of the 
 National League for Democracy (NLD) since the party's founding in 1988 and
  was registered as its chairperson while it was a legal party from 2011 to
  2023. She played a vital role in Myanmar's transition from military junta
  to partial democracy in the 2010s. She has been widely described as the d
 e facto leader of Myanmar from 2016 to 2021. She was awarded the 1991 Nobe
 l Peace Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1991\, announced October 14\, 1991
 .\nAung San Suu Kyi\, “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and hu
 man rights”.\nAung San Suu Kyi: born 1945\, Rangoon\, Burma (now Yangon\
 , Myanmar).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Aung San Suu Kyi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911017
DESCRIPTION:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes was a French physicist and the Nobel Pr
 ize laureate in physics in 1991.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1991\, anno
 unced October 16\, 1991.\nPierre-Gilles de Gennes\, “for discovering tha
 t methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be 
 generalized to more complex forms of matter\, in particular to liquid crys
 tals and polymers”.\nPierre-Gilles de Gennes: born 1932\, Paris\, France
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1991-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911008
DESCRIPTION:Erwin Neher is a German biophysicist\, specializing in the fiel
 d of cell physiology. For significant contribution in the field\, in 1991 
 he was awarded\, along with Bert Sakmann\, the Nobel Prize in Physiology o
 r Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the function of single ion ch
 annels in cells".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991\, anno
 unced October 7\, 1991.\nErwin Neher and Bert Sakmann\, “for their disco
 veries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”.\nErwin 
 Neher: born 1944\, Landsberg\, Germany.\nBert Sakmann: born 1942\, Stuttga
 rt\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Neher\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Sakmann\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921015
DESCRIPTION:Rudolph Arthur Marcus was a Canadian-born American chemist who 
 received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to the t
 heory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems". Marcus theory\,
  named after him\, provides a thermodynamic and kinetic framework for desc
 ribing one electron outer-sphere electron transfer. He was a professor at 
 Caltech\, Nanyang Technological University\, Singapore and a member of the
  International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in
  Chemistry 1992\, announced October 14\, 1992.\nRudolph A. Marcus\, “for
  his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemica
 l systems”.\nRudolph A. Marcus: born 1923\, Montreal\, Canada.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Rudolph A. Marcus
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921014
DESCRIPTION:Gary Stanley Becker was an American economist who received the 
 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was a professor of econ
 omics and sociology at the University of Chicago\, and was a leader of the
  third generation of the Chicago school of economics.\n\nThe Sveriges Riks
 bank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992\, announced
  October 13\, 1992.\nGary Becker\, “for having extended the domain of mi
 croeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction\, 
 including nonmarket behaviour”.\nGary Becker: born 1930\, Pottsville\, P
 A\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Gary Becker
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921009
DESCRIPTION:Sir Derek Alton Walcott was a Saint Lucian poet and playwright.
 \n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1992\, announced October 8\, 1992.\nDere
 k Walcott\, “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity\, sustained by a hi
 storical vision\, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”.\nDerek Wal
 cott: born 1930\, Castries\, Saint Lucia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Derek_Walcott\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Derek Walcott
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921017
DESCRIPTION:Rigoberta Menchú Tum is a K'iche' Guatemalan human rights acti
 vist\, feminist\, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Menchú has dedicated he
 r life to publicizing the rights of Guatemala's Indigenous peoples during 
 and after the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)\, and to promoting Indige
 nous rights internationally.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1992\, announced Oct
 ober 16\, 1992.\nRigoberta Menchú Tum\, “for her struggle for social ju
 stice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of
  indigenous peoples”.\nRigoberta Menchú Tum: born 1959\, Aldea Chimel\,
  Guatemala.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta_Menchú\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Rigoberta Menchú Tum
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921015
DESCRIPTION:Hersz Georges Charpak was a Polish-born French physicist who re
 ceived the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992 for his invention of the multiwi
 re proportional chamber.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1992\, announced Oc
 tober 14\, 1992.\nGeorges Charpak\, “for his invention and development o
 f particle detectors\, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”
 .\nGeorges Charpak: born 1924\, Dabrovica\, Poland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Georges_Charpak\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Georges Charpak
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1992-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19921012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19921013
DESCRIPTION:Edmond Henri Fischer was a Swiss-American biochemist. He and hi
 s collaborator Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology o
 r Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as 
 a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes. Fro
 m 2007 until 2014\, he was the Honorary President of the World Cultural Co
 uncil. At the time of his death at age 101 in 2021\, he was the oldest liv
 ing Nobel Prize laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 199
 2\, announced October 12\, 1992.\nEdmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs\, 
 “for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as 
 a biological regulatory mechanism”.\nEdmond H. Fischer: born 1920\, Shan
 ghai\, China.\nEdwin G. Krebs: born 1918\, Lansing\, IA\, USA.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edw
 in_G._Krebs\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931014
DESCRIPTION:Kary Banks Mullis was an American biochemist. In recognition of
  his role in the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniqu
 e\, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and was
  awarded the Japan Prize in the same year. PCR became a central technique 
 in biochemistry and molecular biology\, described by The New York Times as
  "highly original and significant\, virtually dividing biology into the tw
 o epochs of before PCR and after PCR."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 199
 3\, announced October 13\, 1993.\nKary B. Mullis (1/2)\, “for his invent
 ion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method”.\nMichael Smith (1/2)
 \, “for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucle
 otide-based\, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein st
 udies”.\nKary B. Mullis: born 1944\, Lenoir\, NC\, USA.\nMichael Smith: 
 born 1932\, Blackpool\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K
 ary_Mullis\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Kary B. Mullis and Michael Smith
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931013
DESCRIPTION:Robert William Fogel was an American economic historian and win
 ner of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. As of his death
 \, he was the Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Ameri
 can Institutions and director of the Center for Population Economics (CPE)
  at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. He is best known
  as an advocate of cliometrics\, an approach to history emphasizing the us
 e of quantitative methods.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scie
 nces in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1993\, announced October 12\, 1993.\nRobert
  W. Fogel and Douglass C. North\, “for having renewed research in econom
 ic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order t
 o explain economic and institutional change”.\nRobert W. Fogel: born 192
 7\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nDouglass C. North: born 1920\, Cambridge\, MA\, 
 USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogel\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Douglass_North\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931008
DESCRIPTION:Chloe Anthony Wofford "Toni" Morrison was an American novelist 
 and editor. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. Her fir
 st novel\, The Bluest Eye\, was published in 1970. The critically acclaime
 d Song of Solomon (1977) brought her national attention and won the Nation
 al Book Critics Circle Award. In 1988\, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize fo
 r Beloved (1987). Some of her other works include Sula (1973) and the shor
 t story "Recitatif" (1983).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1993\, announ
 ced October 7\, 1993.\nToni Morrison\, “who in novels characterized by v
 isionary force and poetic import\, gives life to an essential aspect of Am
 erican reality”.\nToni Morrison: born 1931\, Lorain\, OH\, USA.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Toni Morrison
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931016
DESCRIPTION:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid re
 volutionary\, politician\, and philanthropist\, who served as President of
  South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of 
 state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.
  His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling
  institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideological
 ly an African nationalist and socialist\, he served as President of the Af
 rican National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.\n\nThe Nobel Peace 
 Prize 1993\, announced October 15\, 1993.\nNelson Mandela and F.W. de Kler
 k\, “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime
 \, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”.\nN
 elson Mandela: born 1918\, Mvezo\, South Africa.\nF.W. de Klerk: born 1936
 \, Johannesburg\, South Africa.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Ma
 ndela\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931014
DESCRIPTION:Russell Alan Hulse is an American astrophysicist. He shared the
  1993 Nobel Prize in Physics with Joseph Hooton Taylor "for the discovery 
 of a new type of pulsar\, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities
  for the study of gravitation". This was the first indirect detection of g
 ravitational waves\, later directly detected by Kip Thorne\, Barry Barish 
 and Rainer Weiss.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1993\, announced October 1
 3\, 1993.\nRussell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr.\, “for the discover
 y of a new type of pulsar\, a discovery that has opened up new possibiliti
 es for the study of gravitation”.\nRussell A. Hulse: born 1950\, New Yor
 k\, NY\, USA.\nJoseph H. Taylor Jr.: born 1941\, Philadelphia\, PA\, USA.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor\,_Jr.\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1993-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19931011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19931012
DESCRIPTION:Sir Richard John Roberts is a British biochemist and molecular 
 biologist. He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine w
 ith Phillip Allen Sharp for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and
  the mechanism of gene-splicing. He currently works at New England Biolabs
 .\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993\, announced October 11
 \, 1993.\nRichard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp\, “for their discoveri
 es of split genes”.\nRichard J. Roberts: born 1943\, Derby\, United King
 dom.\nPhillip A. Sharp: born 1944\, Falmouth\, KY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_
 Allen_Sharp\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941013
DESCRIPTION:George Andrew Olah was a Hungarian-American chemist. His resear
 ch involved the generation and reactivity of carbocations via superacids. 
 For this research\, Olah was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994 "f
 or his contribution to carbocation chemistry." He was also awarded the Pri
 estley Medal\, the highest honor granted by the American Chemical Society 
 and F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American 
 Chemical Society in 1996.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994\, announced
  October 12\, 1994.\nGeorge A. Olah\, “for his contribution to carbocati
 on chemistry”.\nGeorge A. Olah: born 1927\, Budapest\, Hungary.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · George A. Olah
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941012
DESCRIPTION:John Charles Harsanyi was a Hungarian-American economist who sp
 ent most of his career at the University of California\, Berkeley. He was 
 the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.\n\
 nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobe
 l 1994\, announced October 11\, 1994.\nJohn C. Harsanyi\, John F. Nash Jr.
 \, and Reinhard Selten\, “for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in
  the theory of non-cooperative games”.\nJohn C. Harsanyi: born 1920\, Bu
 dapest\, Hungary.\nJohn F. Nash Jr.: born 1928\, Bluefield\, WV\, USA.\nRe
 inhard Selten: born 1930\, Breslau\, Germany (now Wroclaw\, Poland).\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harsanyi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
 ohn_Forbes_Nash\,_Jr.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Selten\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · John C. Harsanyi\, John F. Nash Jr.\, and Reinhar
 d Selten
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941014
DESCRIPTION:Kenzaburō Ōe  was a Japanese writer and a major figure in con
 temporary Japanese literature. His novels\, short stories and essays\, str
 ongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory\, d
 eal with political\, social and philosophical issues\, including nuclear w
 eapons\, nuclear power\, social non-conformism\, and existentialism. Ōe w
 as awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature for creating "an imagined wo
 rld\, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the 
 human predicament today".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1994\, announce
 d October 13\, 1994.\nKenzaburo Oe\, “who with poetic force creates an i
 magined world\, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting pictu
 re of the human predicament today”.\nKenzaburo Oe: born 1935\, Uchiko\, 
 Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzaburō_Ōe\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Kenzaburo Oe
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941015
DESCRIPTION:Yasser Arafat\, also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar\, w
 as a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Libera
 tion Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004\, President of Palestine from 19
 89 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2
 004. Ideologically an Arab nationalist and a socialist\, Arafat was a foun
 ding member of the Fatah political party\, which he led from 1959 until 20
 04.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1994\, announced October 14\, 1994.\nYasser A
 rafat\, Shimon Peres\, and Yitzhak Rabin\, “for their efforts to create 
 peace in the Middle East”.\nYasser Arafat: born 1929\, Cairo\, Egypt.\nS
 himon Peres: born 1923\, Vishneva\, Poland (now Belarus).\nYitzhak Rabin: 
 born 1922\, Jerusalem\, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi
 mon_Peres\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Yasser Arafat\, Shimon Peres\, and Yitzhak Rabin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941013
DESCRIPTION:Bertram Neville Brockhouse\, was a Canadian physicist. He was a
 warded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to the dev
 elopment of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
 \, in particular "for the development of neutron spectroscopy".\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Physics 1994\, announced October 12\, 1994.\nBertram N. Brockh
 ouse (1/2)\, “for the development of neutron spectroscopy”.\nClifford 
 G. Shull (1/2)\, “for the development of the neutron diffraction techniq
 ue”.\nBertram N. Brockhouse: born 1918\, Lethbridge\, Alberta\, Canada.\
 nClifford G. Shull: born 1915\, Pittsburgh\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_S
 hull\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Bertram N. Brockhouse and Clifford G. Shull
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1994-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19941010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19941011
DESCRIPTION:Alfred Goodman Gilman was an American pharmacologist and bioche
 mist. He and Martin Rodbell shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or M
 edicine "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins 
 in signal transduction in cells."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medi
 cine 1994\, announced October 10\, 1994.\nAlfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodb
 ell\, “for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins 
 in signal transduction in cells”.\nAlfred G. Gilman: born 1941\, New Hav
 en\, CT\, USA.\nMartin Rodbell: born 1925\, Baltimore\, MD\, USA.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M
 artin_Rodbell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951012
DESCRIPTION:Paul Jozef Crutzen was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric ch
 emist. In 1995\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Mar
 io Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland for their work on atmospheric chemist
 ry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decompos
 ition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the ozone layer and cl
 imate change\, he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed
  new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effe
 ct on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce
  the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects s
 temming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest
  fires\, industrial exhausts\, and other sources like oil fires.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Chemistry 1995\, announced October 11\, 1995.\nPaul J. Crutze
 n\, Mario J. Molina\, and F. Sherwood Rowland\, “for their work in atmos
 pheric chemistry\, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition
  of ozone”.\nPaul J. Crutzen: born 1933\, Amsterdam\, the Netherlands.\n
 Mario J. Molina: born 1943\, Mexico City\, Mexico.\nF. Sherwood Rowland: b
 orn 1927\, Delaware\, OH\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._C
 rutzen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_J._Molina\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Paul J. Crutzen\, Mario J. Molina\, and F. Sherwo
 od Rowland
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951011
DESCRIPTION:Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. was an American economist at the Unive
 rsity of Chicago. Widely regarded as the central figure in the development
  of the new classical approach to macroeconomics\, he received the Nobel M
 emorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1995 "for having developed and appli
 ed the hypothesis of rational expectations\, and thereby having transforme
 d macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy
 ". N. Gregory Mankiw characterized him as "the most influential macroecono
 mist of the last quarter of the 20th century". In 2020\, he ranked as the 
 10th most cited economist in the world.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in 
 Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995\, announced October 10\, 
 1995.\nRobert E. Lucas Jr.\, “for having developed and applied the hypot
 hesis of rational expectations\, and thereby having transformed macroecono
 mic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy”.\nRobert
  E. Lucas Jr.: born 1937\, Yakima\, WA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Robert_Lucas\,_Jr.\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert E. Lucas Jr.
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951006
DESCRIPTION:Seamus Justin Heaney was an Irish poet\, playwright and transla
 tor. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. Among his best-known 
 works is Death of a Naturalist (1966)\, his first major published volume. 
 American poet Robert Lowell described him as "the most important Irish poe
 t since Yeats"\, and many others\, including the academic John Sutherland\
 , have said that he was "the greatest poet of our age". Robert Pinsky has 
 stated that "with his wonderful gift of eye and ear Heaney has the gift of
  the story-teller." Upon his death in 2013\, The Independent described him
  as "probably the best-known poet in the world".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature 1995\, announced October 5\, 1995.\nSeamus Heaney\, “for works o
 f lyrical beauty and ethical depth\, which exalt everyday miracles and the
  living past”.\nSeamus Heaney: born 1939\, Casteldàwson\, Northern Irel
 and.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Seamus Heaney
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951014
DESCRIPTION:Sir Joseph Rotblat was a Polish and British physicist. During W
 orld War II he worked on Tube Alloys and the Manhattan Project\, but left 
 the Los Alamos Laboratory on grounds of conscience after it became clear t
 o him in 1944 that Germany had ceased development of an atomic bomb.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Peace Prize 1995\, announced October 13\, 1995.\nJoseph Rotblat an
 d Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs\, “for their efforts 
 to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and\
 , in the longer run\, to eliminate such arms”.\nJoseph Rotblat: born 190
 8\, Warsaw\, Russian Empire (now Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Joseph_Rotblat\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Scie
 nce_and_World_Affairs\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science 
 and World Affairs
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951012
DESCRIPTION:Martin Lewis Perl was an American chemical engineer and physici
 st who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau
  lepton.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1995\, announced October 11\, 1995.
 \nMartin L. Perl (1/2)\, “for the discovery of the tau lepton”.\nFrede
 rick Reines (1/2)\, “for the detection of the neutrino”.\nMartin L. Pe
 rl: born 1927\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nFrederick Reines: born 1918\, Paters
 on\, NJ\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reines\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Martin L. Perl and Frederick Reines
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1995-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19951009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19951010
DESCRIPTION:Edward Butts Lewis was an American geneticist\, a corecipient o
 f the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He helped to found the f
 ield of evolutionary developmental biology.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolo
 gy or Medicine 1995\, announced October 9\, 1995.\nEdward B. Lewis\, Chris
 tiane Nüsslein-Volhard\, and Eric F. Wieschaus\, “for their discoveries
  concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”.\nEdward
  B. Lewis: born 1918\, Wilkes-Barre\, PA\, USA.\nChristiane Nüsslein-Volh
 ard: born 1942\, Magdeburg\, Germany.\nEric F. Wieschaus: born 1947\, Sout
 h Bend\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Nüsslein-Volhard\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Edward B. Lewis\, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard\, a
 nd Eric F. Wieschaus
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961010
DESCRIPTION:Robert Floyd Curl Jr. was an American chemist who was Pitzer–
 Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences and professor of chemistry at R
 ice University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for th
 e discovery of the nanomaterial buckminsterfullerene\, and hence the fulle
 rene class of materials\, along with Richard Smalley and Harold Kroto of t
 he University of Sussex.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996\, announced 
 October 9\, 1996.\nRobert F. Curl Jr.\, Sir Harold Kroto\, and Richard E. 
 Smalley\, “for their discovery of fullerenes”.\nRobert F. Curl Jr.: bo
 rn 1933\, Alice\, TX\, USA.\nSir Harold Kroto: born 1939\, Wisbech\, Cambr
 idgeshire \, United Kingdom.\nRichard E. Smalley: born 1943\, Akron\, OH\,
  USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curl\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Harry_Kroto\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Robert F. Curl Jr.\, Sir Harold Kroto\, and Richa
 rd E. Smalley
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961009
DESCRIPTION:Sir James Alexander Mirrlees was a British economist and winner
  of the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was knighted in
  the 1997 Birthday Honours.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sci
 ences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1996\, announced October 8\, 1996.\nJames 
 A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey\, “for their fundamental contributions t
 o the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information”.\nJame
 s A. Mirrlees: born 1936\, Minnigaff\, Scotland.\nWilliam Vickrey: born 19
 14\, Victoria\, BC\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mirrle
 es\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickrey\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961004
DESCRIPTION:Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska was a Polish poet\, essayist\, t
 ranslator\, and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in P
 rowent\, she resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland\, Szy
 mborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors\, thou
 gh she wrote in a poem\, "Some Like Poetry"\, that "perhaps" two in a thou
 sand people like poetry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1996\, announced
  October 3\, 1996.\nWisława Szymborska\, “for poetry that with ironic p
 recision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in 
 fragments of human reality”.\nWisława Szymborska: born 1923\, Bnin (now
  Kórnik)\, Poland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisława_Szymborska\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Wisława Szymborska
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961012
DESCRIPTION:Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo\, SDB\, commonly known as Carlos Bel
 o or Ximenes Belo is an East Timorese prelate of the Catholic Church. He b
 ecame a bishop in 1988 and served as the apostolic administrator of the Di
 ocese of Díli from 1988 to 2002. In 1996\, he shared the Nobel Peace Priz
 e with José Ramos-Horta for working "towards a just and peaceful solution
  to the conflict in East Timor". He is a professed member of the Salesians
 .\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1996\, announced October 11\, 1996.\nCarlos Fil
 ipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta\, “for their work towards a just 
 and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor”.\nCarlos Filipe Xim
 enes Belo: born 1948\, Wailacama\, East Timor.\nJosé Ramos-Horta: born 19
 49\, Dili\, East Timor.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Xim
 enes_Belo\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Ramos-Horta\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961010
DESCRIPTION:David Morris Lee is an American physicist who shared the 1996 N
 obel Prize in Physics with Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff "for 
 their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3." Lee is professor emeritus o
 f physics at Cornell University and distinguished professor of physics at 
 Texas A&M University.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1996\, announced Octob
 er 9\, 1996.\nDavid M. Lee\, Douglas D. Osheroff\, and Robert C. Richardso
 n\, “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”.\nDavid M. Lee:
  born 1931\, Rye\, NY\, USA.\nDouglas D. Osheroff: born 1945\, Aberdeen\, 
 WA\, USA.\nRobert C. Richardson: born 1937\, Washington\, D.C.\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Ric
 hardson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · David M. Lee\, Douglas D. Osheroff\, and Robert C
 . Richardson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1996-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19961007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19961008
DESCRIPTION:Peter Charles Doherty is an Australian immunologist and Nobel l
 aureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996\, announced Oct
 ober 7\, 1996.\nPeter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel\, “for their di
 scoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
 ”.\nPeter C. Doherty: born 1940\, Brisbane\, Australia.\nRolf M. Zinkern
 agel: born 1944\, Basel\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe
 ter_C._Doherty\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971016
DESCRIPTION:Paul Delos Boyer was an American biochemist\, analytical chemis
 t\, and a professor of chemistry at University of California\, Los Angeles
  (UCLA). He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "
 enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate 
 (ATP)" with John E. Walker\, making Boyer the first Utah-born Nobel laurea
 te\; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist
  Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Chemistry 1997\, announced October 15\, 1997.\nPaul D. Boyer (1/4
 )\, “for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the syn
 thesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)”.\nJohn E. Walker (1/4)\, “for 
 their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of a
 denosine triphosphate (ATP)”.\nJens C. Skou (1/2)\, “for the first dis
 covery of an ion-transporting enzyme\, Na+\, K+ -ATPase”.\nPaul D. Boyer
 : born 1918\, Provo\, UT\, USA.\nJohn E. Walker: born 1941\, Halifax\, Uni
 ted Kingdom.\nJens C. Skou: born 1918\, Lemvig\, Denmark.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Walk
 er\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Paul D. Boyer\, John E. Walker\, and Jens C. Skou
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971015
DESCRIPTION:Robert Cox Merton is an American economist\, Nobel Memorial Pri
 ze in Economic Sciences laureate\, and professor at the MIT Sloan School o
 f Management. He is best known for his pioneering contributions to continu
 ous-time finance\, particularly the first continuous-time option pricing m
 odel\, the Black–Scholes–Merton model.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize 
 in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997\, announced October 14
 \, 1997.\nRobert C. Merton and Myron Scholes\, “for a new method to dete
 rmine the value of derivatives”.\nRobert C. Merton: born 1944\, New York
 \, NY\, USA.\nMyron Scholes: born 1941\, Timmins\, ON\, Canada.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Merton\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myr
 on_Scholes\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert C. Merton and Myron Scholes
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971010
DESCRIPTION:Dario Luigi Angelo Fo was an Italian playwright\, actor\, theat
 re director\, stage designer\, songwriter\, political campaigner for the I
 talian left wing and the recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature. 
 In his time he was "arguably the most widely performed contemporary playwr
 ight in world theatre". Much of his dramatic work depends on improvisation
  and comprises the recovery of "illegitimate" forms of theatre\, such as t
 hose performed by giullari and\, more famously\, the ancient Italian style
  of commedia dell'arte.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1997\, announced 
 October 9\, 1997.\nDario Fo\, “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ag
 es in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”.
 \nDario Fo: born 1926\, Leggiuno-Sangiano\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Dario_Fo\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Dario Fo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971011
DESCRIPTION:The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a coaliti
 on of non-governmental organizations whose objective is to prohibit the us
 e and proliferation of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Peace Prize 1997\, announced October 10\, 1997.\nInternational Campa
 ign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams\, “for their work for the banning
  and clearing of anti-personnel mines”.\nJody Williams: born 1950\, Rutl
 and\, VT\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to
 _Ban_Landmines\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Williams\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody W
 illiams
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971016
DESCRIPTION:Steven Chu is an American physicist and former government offic
 ial. He is a Nobel laureate and was the 12th U.S. secretary of energy. He 
 is currently the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Physics and Professor o
 f Molecular and Cellular Physiology at Stanford University. He is known fo
 r his research at the University of California\, Berkeley\, and his resear
 ch at Bell Laboratories and Stanford University regarding the cooling and 
 trapping of atoms with laser light\, for which he shared the 1997 Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1997\, announced October 15\, 1997.\nSteven Ch
 u\, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji\, and William D. Phillips\, “for development 
 of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”.\nSteven Chu: born 1
 948\, St. Louis\, MO\, USA.\nClaude Cohen-Tannoudji: born 1933\, Constanti
 ne\, French Algeria (now Algeria).\nWilliam D. Phillips: born 1948\, Wilke
 s-Barre\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /William_Daniel_Phillips\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Steven Chu\, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji\, and William
  D. Phillips
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1997-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19971006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19971007
DESCRIPTION:Stanley Ben Prusiner is an American neurologist and biochemist.
  He is the founding director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseas
 es (IND) at the University of California\, San Francisco (UCSF). Prusiner 
 discovered prions\, a class of infectious self-reproducing pathogens prima
 rily or solely composed of protein\, a scientific theory considered by man
 y as a heretical idea when first proposed. He received the Albert Lasker A
 ward for Basic Medical Research in 1994 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology 
 or Medicine in 1997 for research on prion diseases developed by him and hi
 s team of experts beginning in the early 1970s.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phys
 iology or Medicine 1997\, announced October 6\, 1997.\nStanley B. Prusiner
 \, “for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infectio
 n”.\nStanley B. Prusiner: born 1942\, Des Moines\, IA\, USA.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Stanley B. Prusiner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1998-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981014
DESCRIPTION:Walter Kohn was an Austrian-American theoretical physicist and 
 theoretical chemist.\nHe was awarded\, with John Pople\, the Nobel Prize i
 n Chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to understan
 ding the electronic properties of materials. In particular\, Kohn played t
 he leading role in the development of density functional theory\, which ma
 de it possible to calculate quantum mechanical electronic structure by equ
 ations involving the electronic density. This computational simplification
  led to more accurate calculations on complex systems as well as many new 
 insights\, and it has become an essential tool for materials science\, con
 densed-phase physics\, and the chemical physics of atoms and molecules.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998\, announced October 13\, 1998.\nWalter 
 Kohn (1/2)\, “for his development of the density-functional theory”.\n
 John Pople (1/2)\, “for his development of computational methods in quan
 tum chemistry”.\nWalter Kohn: born 1923\, Vienna\, Austria.\nJohn Pople:
  born 1925\, Burnham-on-Sea\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Walter_Kohn\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pople\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Walter Kohn and John Pople
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013501Z
UID:nobel-1998-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981015
DESCRIPTION:Amartya Kumar Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher. Sen h
 as taught and worked in England and the United States since 1972. In 1998\
 , he received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions t
 o welfare economics. He has also made major contributions to social choice
  theory\, economic and social justice\, economic theories of famines\, dec
 ision theory\, development economics\, public health\, and the measures of
  well-being of countries.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scien
 ces in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998\, announced October 14\, 1998.\nAmartya
  Sen\, “for his contributions to welfare economics”.\nAmartya Sen: bor
 n 1933\, Santiniketan\, India.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Se
 n\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Amartya Sen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1998-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981009
DESCRIPTION:José de Sousa Saramago was a Portuguese writer. He was the rec
 ipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "parables sustained b
 y imagination\, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables u
 s once again to apprehend an elusory reality." His works\, some of which c
 an be seen as allegories\, commonly present subversive perspectives on his
 toric events\, emphasizing the theopoetic human factor.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Literature 1998\, announced October 8\, 1998.\nJosé Saramago\, “who
  with parables sustained by imagination\, compassion and irony continually
  enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”.\nJosé Saramago
 : born 1922\, Azinhaga\, Portugal.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_
 Saramago\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · José Saramago
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1998-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981016
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981017
DESCRIPTION:John Hume was an Irish nationalist politician in Northern Irela
 nd and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. A founder and leader of the Social De
 mocratic and Labour Party\, Hume served in the Parliament of Northern Irel
 and\; the Northern Ireland Assembly including\, in 1974\, its first power-
 sharing executive\; the European Parliament and the United Kingdom Parliam
 ent. Seeking an accommodation between Irish nationalism and Ulster unionis
 m\, and soliciting American support\, he was both critical of British gove
 rnment policy in Northern Ireland and opposed to the republican embrace of
  "armed struggle". In their 1998 citation\, the Norwegian Nobel Committee 
 recognised Hume as an architect of the Good Friday Agreement. For his own 
 part\, Hume wished to be remembered as having been\, in his earlier years\
 , a pioneer of the credit union movement.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 1998\, 
 announced October 16\, 1998.\nJohn Hume and David Trimble\, “for their e
 fforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland”.
 \nJohn Hume: born 1937\, Londonderry\, Northern Ireland.\nDavid Trimble: b
 orn 1944\, Belfast\, Northern Ireland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo
 hn_Hume\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · John Hume and David Trimble
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1998-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981014
DESCRIPTION:Robert Betts Laughlin is an American physicist. He is the Anne 
 T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford
  University. Along with Horst L. Störmer of Columbia University and Danie
 l C. Tsui of Princeton University\, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nob
 el Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall e
 ffect.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1998\, announced October 13\, 1998.\n
 Robert B. Laughlin\, Horst L. Störmer\, and Daniel C. Tsui\, “for their
  discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excita
 tions”.\nRobert B. Laughlin: born 1950\, Visalia\, CA\, USA.\nHorst L. S
 törmer: born 1949\, Frankfurt-on-the-Main\, West Germany (now Germany).\n
 Daniel C. Tsui: born 1939\, Henan\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Robert_B._Laughlin\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_Störmer\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui\n\nData: the Nobel Foundatio
 n (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Robert B. Laughlin\, Horst L. Störmer\, and Dani
 el C. Tsui
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1998-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19981012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19981013
DESCRIPTION:Robert Francis Furchgott was an American Nobel Prize winning bi
 ochemist who contributed to the discovery of nitric oxide as a transient c
 ellular signal in mammalian systems.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or M
 edicine 1998\, announced October 12\, 1998.\nRobert F. Furchgott\, Louis J
 . Ignarro\, and Ferid Murad\, “for their discoveries concerning nitric o
 xide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”.\nRobert F. 
 Furchgott: born 1916\, Charleston\, SC\, USA.\nLouis J. Ignarro: born 1941
 \, Brooklyn\, NY\, USA.\nFerid Murad: born 1936\, Whiting\, IN\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Louis_Ignarro\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferid_Murad\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Robert F. Furchgott\, Louis J. Ignarro\, and Ferid
  Murad
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19991012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991013
DESCRIPTION:Ahmed Hassan Zewail was an Egyptian-American chemist\, known as
  the "father of femtochemistry". He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Ch
 emistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian and A
 rab to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field\, and the first African to 
 win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He was a professor of chemistry and physic
 s at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)\, where he was the f
 irst Caltech faculty member to be named the Linus Pauling Chair of Chemica
 l Physics and was the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafas
 t Science and Technology.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999\, announced
  October 12\, 1999.\nAhmed Zewail\, “for his studies of the transition s
 tates of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy”.\nAhmed Zewa
 il: born 1946\, Damanhur\, Egypt.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Z
 ewail\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Ahmed Zewail
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19991013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991014
DESCRIPTION:Robert Alexander Mundell was a Canadian economist who was a pro
 fessor of economics at Columbia University\, McGill University\, and the C
 hinese University of Hong Kong. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Ec
 onomic Sciences in 1999 for his pioneering work in monetary dynamics and o
 ptimum currency areas.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
  in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1999\, announced October 13\, 1999.\nRobert Mun
 dell\, “for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different e
 xchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas”.\nRober
 t Mundell: born 1932\, Kingston\, ON\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Robert_Mundell\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert Mundell
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19990930
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991001
DESCRIPTION:Günter Wilhelm Grass was a German novelist\, poet\, playwright
 \, illustrator\, graphic artist\, sculptor\, and recipient of the 1999 Nob
 el Prize in Literature.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1999\, announced 
 September 30\, 1999.\nGünter Grass\, “whose frolicsome black fables por
 tray the forgotten face of history”.\nGünter Grass: born 1927\, Danzig\
 , Free City of Danzig (now Gdansk\, Poland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Günter_Grass\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Günter Grass
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19991015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991016
DESCRIPTION:Médecins Sans Frontières\, French for Doctors Without Borders
 \, is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care. It is a non-gover
 nmental organisation (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conf
 lict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases. The organisation
  provides care for diabetes\, drug-resistant infections\, HIV/AIDS\, hepat
 itis C\, tropical and neglected diseases\, tuberculosis\, vaccines and COV
 ID-19. In 2024\, the charity was active in more than 75 countries with ove
 r 67\,000 personnel\; mostly local doctors\, nurses and other medical prof
 essionals\, logistical experts\, water and sanitation engineers\, and admi
 nistrators. Private donors provide about 98% of the organisation's funding
 \, giving MSF an annual income of approximately EUR 2.36 billion.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Peace Prize 1999\, announced October 15\, 1999.\nDoctors Without Bor
 ders\, “in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian wor
 k on several continents”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Médecins_San
 s_Frontières\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Doctors Without Borders
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19991012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991013
DESCRIPTION:Gerardus "Gerard" 't Hooft is a Dutch theoretical physicist and
  professor emeritus at Utrecht University\, the Netherlands. He shared the
  1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltma
 n "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions."\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999\, announced October 12\, 1999.\nGerardus '
 t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman\, “for elucidating the quantum structu
 re of electroweak interactions in physics”.\nGerardus 't Hooft: born 194
 6\, Den Helder\, the Netherlands.\nMartinus J.G. Veltman: born 1931\, Waal
 wijk\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_'t_Hooft\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-1999-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19991011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19991012
DESCRIPTION:Günter Blobel was a Silesian German and American biologist and
  1999 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology for the discovery that proteins h
 ave intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the 
 cell.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999\, announced Octobe
 r 11\, 1999.\nGünter Blobel\, “for the discovery that proteins have int
 rinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”
 .\nGünter Blobel: born 1936\, Waltersdorf\, Germany (now Niegoslawice\, P
 oland).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günter_Blobel\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Günter Blobel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001011
DESCRIPTION:Alan Jay Heeger is an American physicist\, academic and Nobel P
 rize laureate in chemistry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000\, announc
 ed October 10\, 2000.\nAlan Heeger\, Alan MacDiarmid\, and Hideki Shirakaw
 a\, “for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”.\nAlan 
 Heeger: born 1936\, Sioux City\, IA\, USA.\nAlan MacDiarmid: born 1927\, M
 asterton\, New Zealand.\nHideki Shirakawa: born 1936\, Tokyo\, Japan.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Alan_MacDiarmid\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Alan Heeger\, Alan MacDiarmid\, and Hideki Shirak
 awa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001012
DESCRIPTION:James Joseph Heckman is an American economist and Nobel laureat
 e who serves as the Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor in Econo
 mics at the University of Chicago\, where he is also a professor at the co
 llege\, a professor at the Harris School of Public Policy\, Director of th
 e Center for the Economics of Human Development (CEHD)\, and co-director o
 f Human Capital and Economic Opportunity (HCEO) Global Working Group. He i
 s also a professor of law at the Law School\, a senior research fellow at 
 the American Bar Foundation\, and a research associate at the NBER. He rec
 eived the John Bates Clark Medal in 1983\, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in
  Economic Sciences in 2000\, which he shared with Daniel McFadden. He is k
 nown principally for his pioneering work in econometrics and microeconomic
 s.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
  Nobel 2000\, announced October 11\, 2000.\nJames J. Heckman (1/2)\, “fo
 r his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples”
 .\nDaniel L. McFadden (1/2)\, “for his development of theory and methods
  for analyzing discrete choice”.\nJames J. Heckman: born 1944\, Chicago\
 , IL\, USA.\nDaniel L. McFadden: born 1937\, Raleigh\, NC\, USA.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Heckman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danie
 l_McFadden\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001013
DESCRIPTION:Gao Xingjian is a Chinese émigré and later French naturalized
  novelist\, playwright\, critic\, painter\, photographer\, film director\,
  and translator who was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an
  oeuvre of universal validity\, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity."
  He is also a noted translator\, screenwriter\, stage director\, and a cel
 ebrated painter.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2000\, announced October
  12\, 2000.\nGao Xingjian\, “for an œuvre of universal validity\, bitte
 r insights and linguistic ingenuity\, which has opened new paths for the C
 hinese novel and drama”.\nGao Xingjian: born 1940\, Ganzhou\, China.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (
 CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Gao Xingjian
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001014
DESCRIPTION:Kim Dae-jung was a South Korean politician\, statesman and acti
 vist who served as the eighth president of South Korea from 1998 to 2003.\
 n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2000\, announced October 13\, 2000.\nKim Dae-jung
 \, “for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in Ea
 st Asia in general\, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in 
 particular”.\nKim Dae-jung: born 1924\, Mokpo\, Korea (now South Korea).
 \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Kim Dae-jung
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001011
DESCRIPTION:Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was a Soviet and Russian physicist who
  contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physi
 cs and electronics. In 2000\, Alferov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics fo
 r the development of the semiconductor heterojunction for optoelectronics.
  He also became a politician in his later life\, serving in the State Duma
  as a member of the Communist Party from 1999.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs 2000\, announced October 10\, 2000.\nZhores Alferov (1/4)\, “for deve
 loping semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electro
 nics”.\nHerbert Kroemer (1/4)\, “for developing semiconductor heterost
 ructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”.\nJack Kilby (1/2)\, 
 “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”.\nZhores Alf
 erov: born 1930\, Vitebsk\, Belorussia\, USSR (now Belarus).\nHerbert Kroe
 mer: born 1928\, Weimar\, Germany.\nJack Kilby: born 1923\, Jefferson City
 \, MO\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilb
 y\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Zhores Alferov\, Herbert Kroemer\, and Jack Kilby
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2000-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20001009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20001010
DESCRIPTION:Arvid Carlsson was a Swedish neuropharmacologist who is best kn
 own for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Par
 kinson's disease. For his work on dopamine\, Carlsson was awarded the Nobe
 l Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000\, together with Eric Kandel and 
 Paul Greengard.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000\, announ
 ced October 9\, 2000.\nArvid Carlsson\, Paul Greengard\, and Eric Kandel\,
  “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous sy
 stem”.\nArvid Carlsson: born 1923\, Uppsala\, Sweden.\nPaul Greengard: b
 orn 1925\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nEric Kandel: born 1929\, Vienna\, Austria
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Paul_Greengard\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandel\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Arvid Carlsson\, Paul Greengard\, and Eric Kandel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011011
DESCRIPTION:William Standish Knowles was an American chemist. He was born i
 n Taunton\, Massachusetts. Knowles was one of the recipients of the 2001 N
 obel Prize in Chemistry. He split half the prize with Ryōji Noyori for th
 eir work in asymmetric synthesis\, specifically for his work in hydrogenat
 ion reactions. The other half was awarded to K. Barry Sharpless for his wo
 rk in oxidation reactions.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001\, announce
 d October 10\, 2001.\nWilliam Knowles (1/4)\, “for their work on chirall
 y catalysed hydrogenation reactions”.\nRyoji Noyori (1/4)\, “for their
  work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions”.\nK. Barry Sharples
 s (1/2)\, “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions”.\nW
 illiam Knowles: born 1917\, Taunton\, MA\, USA.\nRyoji Noyori: born 1938\,
  Kobe\, Japan.\nK. Barry Sharpless: born 1941\, Philadelphia\, PA\, USA.\n
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Ryōji_Noyori\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barry_Shar
 pless\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · William Knowles\, Ryoji Noyori\, and K. Barry Sha
 rpless
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011011
DESCRIPTION:George Arthur Akerlof is an American economist and a university
  professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University
  and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of Califor
 nia\, Berkeley. Akerlof was awarded the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Econo
 mic Sciences\, jointly with Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz\, "for thei
 r analyses of markets with asymmetric information." He is the husband of f
 ormer United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen.\n\nThe Sverige
 s Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001\, ann
 ounced October 10\, 2001.\nGeorge A. Akerlof\, A. Michael Spence\, and Jos
 eph E. Stiglitz\, “for their analyses of markets with asymmetric informa
 tion”.\nGeorge A. Akerlof: born 1940\, New Haven\, CT\, USA.\nA. Michael
  Spence: born 1943\, Montclair\, NJ\, USA.\nJoseph E. Stiglitz: born 1943\
 , Gary\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Akerlof\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Spence\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose
 ph_Stiglitz\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · George A. Akerlof\, A. Michael Spence\, and Josep
 h E. Stiglitz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011012
DESCRIPTION:Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul was a Trinidad-born British w
 riter renowned for his works of fiction and nonfiction in English. He is k
 nown for his comic early novels set in Trinidad\, his bleaker novels of al
 ienation in the wider world\, and his vigilant chronicles of life and trav
 els. He wrote in prose that was widely admired\, but his views sometimes a
 roused controversy. He published more than thirty books over fifty years.\
 n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2001\, announced October 11\, 2001.\nV. S
 . Naipaul\, “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible sc
 rutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories
 ”.\nV. S. Naipaul: born 1932\, Chaguanas\, Trinidad and Tobago.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · V. S. Naipaul
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011013
DESCRIPTION:The United Nations (UN) is an international intergovernmental o
 rganization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nation
 s on 26 June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining internationa
 l peace and security\, to develop friendly relations among states\, to pro
 mote international cooperation\, and to serve as a centre for harmonizing 
 the actions of states in achieving those goals.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2
 001\, announced October 12\, 2001.\nUnited Nations and Kofi Annan\, “for
  their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”.\nKofi Annan
 : born 1938\, Kumasi\, Gold Coast (now Ghana).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/United_Nations\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan\n\nData: th
 e Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · United Nations and Kofi Annan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011010
DESCRIPTION:Eric Allin Cornell is an American physicist who\, along with Ca
 rl E. Wieman\, synthesized the first Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. C
 ornell\, Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physi
 cs “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of
  alkali atoms\, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the
  condensates”.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2001\, announced October 9\
 , 2001.\nEric Cornell\, Wolfgang Ketterle\, and Carl Wieman\, “for the a
 chievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms\,
  and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
 .\nEric Cornell: born 1961\, Palo Alto\, CA\, USA.\nWolfgang Ketterle: bor
 n 1957\, Heidelberg\, West Germany (now Germany).\nCarl Wieman: born 1951\
 , Corvallis\, OR\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornel
 l\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Carl_Wieman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Eric Cornell\, Wolfgang Ketterle\, and Carl Wiema
 n
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2001-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20011008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20011009
DESCRIPTION:Leland Harrison "Lee" Hartwell is an American former president 
 and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle\, Wa
 shington. He shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Pa
 ul Nurse and Tim Hunt\, for their discoveries of protein molecules that co
 ntrol the division (duplication) of cells.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiolog
 y or Medicine 2001\, announced October 8\, 2001.\nLeland Hartwell\, Tim Hu
 nt\, and Sir Paul Nurse\, “for their discoveries of key regulators of th
 e cell cycle”.\nLeland Hartwell: born 1939\, Los Angeles\, CA\, USA.\nTi
 m Hunt: born 1943\, Neston\, United Kingdom.\nSir Paul Nurse: born 1949\, 
 Norwich\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_H._Hartw
 ell\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hunt\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Paul_Nurse\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Leland Hartwell\, Tim Hunt\, and Sir Paul Nurse
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021010
DESCRIPTION:John Bennett Fenn was an American analytical chemist who was aw
 arded a share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002\, sharing half of th
 e award with Koichi Tanaka for their work in mass spectrometry. His contri
 butions related to the development of electrospray ionization\, now a comm
 only used technique for large molecules and routine liquid chromatography-
 tandem mass spectrometry. Early in his career\, he studied the field of je
 t propulsion at Project SQUID and focused on molecular beams. He finished 
 his career with more than 100 publications\, including one book.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Chemistry 2002\, announced October 9\, 2002.\nJohn B. Fenn (1
 /4)\, “for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for m
 ass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules”.\nKoichi Tanaka
  (1/4)\, “for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods fo
 r mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules”.\nKurt Wüth
 rich (1/2)\, “for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectros
 copy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromo
 lecules in solution”.\nJohn B. Fenn: born 1917\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nK
 oichi Tanaka: born 1959\, Toyama City\, Japan.\nKurt Wüthrich: born 1938\
 , Aarberg\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fenn_(chemi
 st)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Kurt_Wüthrich\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · John B. Fenn\, Koichi Tanaka\, and Kurt Wüthrich
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021010
DESCRIPTION:Daniel Kahneman was an Israeli-American psychologist best known
  for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making as well as
  behavioral economics\, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial P
 rize in Economic Sciences together with Vernon L. Smith. Kahneman's publis
 hed empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality preva
 iling in modern economic theory. Kahneman became known as the "grandfather
  of behavioral economics."\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scie
 nces in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002\, announced October 9\, 2002.\nDaniel 
 Kahneman (1/2)\, “for having integrated insights from psychological rese
 arch into economic science\, especially concerning human judgment and deci
 sion-making under uncertainty”.\nVernon L. Smith (1/2)\, “for having e
 stablished laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis
 \, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms”.\nDaniel Ka
 hneman: born 1934\, Tel Aviv\, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).\
 nVernon L. Smith: born 1927\, Wichita\, KS\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021011
DESCRIPTION:Imre Kertész was a Hungarian author and recipient of the 2002 
 Nobel Prize in Literature\, "for writing that upholds the fragile experien
 ce of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". He wa
 s the first Hungarian to win the Nobel in Literature. His works deal with 
 themes of the Holocaust\, dictatorship\, and personal freedom.\n\nThe Nobe
 l Prize in Literature 2002\, announced October 10\, 2002.\nImre Kertész\,
  “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual agai
 nst the barbaric arbitrariness of history”.\nImre Kertész: born 1929\, 
 Budapest\, Hungary.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Kertész\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Imre Kertész
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021012
DESCRIPTION:James Earl Carter Jr. was an American politician and humanitari
 an who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981
 . A member of the Democratic Party\, Carter served as the 76th governor of
  Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and in the Georgia State Senate from 1963 to 19
 67. He lived longer than any other president in U.S. history\, reaching ag
 e 100.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2002\, announced October 11\, 2002.\nJimmy
  Carter\, “for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions
  to international conflicts\, to advance democracy and human rights\, and 
 to promote economic and social development”.\nJimmy Carter: born 1924\, 
 Plains\, GA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Jimmy Carter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021009
DESCRIPTION:Raymond Davis Jr. was an American chemist and physicist. He is 
 best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s\, 
 which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun\; 
 for this he shared the 2002 \nNobel Prize in Physics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize i
 n Physics 2002\, announced October 8\, 2002.\nRaymond Davis Jr. (1/4)\, 
 “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics\, in particular for the de
 tection of cosmic neutrinos”.\nMasatoshi Koshiba (1/4)\, “for pioneeri
 ng contributions to astrophysics\, in particular for the detection of cosm
 ic neutrinos”.\nRiccardo Giacconi (1/2)\, “for pioneering contribution
 s to astrophysics\, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray source
 s”.\nRaymond Davis Jr.: born 1914\, Washington\, D.C.\, USA.\nMasatoshi 
 Koshiba: born 1926\, Toyohashi\, Japan.\nRiccardo Giacconi: born 1931\, Ge
 noa\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Davis\,_Jr.\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri
 ccardo_Giacconi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Raymond Davis Jr.\, Masatoshi Koshiba\, and Ricca
 rdo Giacconi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2002-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20021007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20021008
DESCRIPTION:Sydney Brenner was a South African biologist. In 2002\, he shar
 ed the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and Si
 r John E. Sulston. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the g
 enetic code\, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Me
 dical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge\
 , England. He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model 
 organism for the investigation of developmental biology\, and founded the 
 Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley\, California\, United States.\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002\, announced October 7\, 200
 2.\nSydney Brenner\, H. Robert Horvitz\, and John E. Sulston\, “for thei
 r discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and progr
 ammed cell death”.\nSydney Brenner: born 1927\, Germiston\, South Africa
 .\nH. Robert Horvitz: born 1947\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nJohn E. Sulston: bo
 rn 1942\, Fulmer\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney
 _Brenner\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/John_Sulston\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sydney Brenner\, H. Robert Horvitz\, and John E. S
 ulston
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031009
DESCRIPTION:Peter Courtland Agre is a Nobel Laureate American physician\, m
 olecular biologist\, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkin
 s Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine\,
  and director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. In 2003\, A
 gre and Roderick MacKinnon shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "d
 iscoveries concerning channels in cell membranes." Agre was recognized for
  his discovery of aquaporin water channels. Aquaporins are water-channel p
 roteins that move water molecules through the cell membrane. In 2009\, Agr
 e was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of
  Science (AAAS) and became active in science diplomacy.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Chemistry 2003\, announced October 8\, 2003.\nPeter Agre (1/2)\, “fo
 r the discovery of water channels”.\nRoderick MacKinnon (1/2)\, “for s
 tructural and mechanistic studies of ion channels”.\nPeter Agre: born 19
 49\, Northfield\, MN\, USA.\nRoderick MacKinnon: born 1956\, Burlington\, 
 MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031009
DESCRIPTION:Robert Fry Engle III is an American economist and statistician.
  He was awarded the 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences\, shari
 ng the award with Clive Granger\, "for methods of analyzing economic time 
 series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)".\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Priz
 e in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2003\, announced October 
 8\, 2003.\nRobert F. Engle III (1/2)\, “for methods of analyzing economi
 c time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)”.\nClive W.J. Granger 
 (1/2)\, “for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trend
 s (cointegration)”.\nRobert F. Engle III: born 1942\, Syracuse\, NY\, US
 A.\nClive W.J. Granger: born 1934\, Swansea\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Engle\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_
 Granger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert F. Engle III and Clive W.J. Granger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031002
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031003
DESCRIPTION:John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African and Australian novelist
 \, essayist\, and translator. The recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature\, Coetzee is one of the most critically acclaimed and decorated au
 thors in the English language. He has won the Booker Prize (twice)\, the C
 entral News Agency Literary Award (thrice)\, the Jerusalem Prize\, the Pri
 x Femina étranger\, and The Irish Times International Fiction Prize\, and
  holds a number of other awards and honorary doctorates.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Literature 2003\, announced October 2\, 2003.\nJ. M. Coetzee\, “who
  in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider
 ”.\nJ. M. Coetzee: born 1940\, Cape Town\, South Africa.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · J. M. Coetzee
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031011
DESCRIPTION:Shirin Ebadi is an Iranian Nobel laureate\, lawyer\, writer\, t
 eacher and a former judge and founder of the Defenders of Human Rights Cen
 ter in Iran. In 2003\, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her pio
 neering efforts for democracy and women's\, children's\, and refugee right
 s. She was the first Iranian to receive the award.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Priz
 e 2003\, announced October 10\, 2003.\nShirin Ebadi\, “for her efforts f
 or democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle 
 for the rights of women and children”.\nShirin Ebadi: born 1947\, Hamada
 n\, Iran.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Shirin Ebadi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031008
DESCRIPTION:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov was a Russian-American theoretical
  physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter p
 hysics. He was the co-recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics\, with 
 Vitaly Ginzburg and Anthony James Leggett\, for theories about how matter 
 can behave at extremely low temperatures.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 20
 03\, announced October 7\, 2003.\nAlexei Abrikosov\, Vitaly L. Ginzburg\, 
 and Anthony J. Leggett\, “for pioneering contributions to the theory of 
 superconductors and superfluids”.\nAlexei Abrikosov: born 1928\, Moscow\
 , USSR (now Russia).\nVitaly L. Ginzburg: born 1916\, Moscow\, Russia.\nAn
 thony J. Leggett: born 1938\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Vitaly_Ginzburg\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Alexei Abrikosov\, Vitaly L. Ginzburg\, and Antho
 ny J. Leggett
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2003-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20031006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20031007
DESCRIPTION:Paul Christian Lauterbur was an American chemist who shared the
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for hi
 s work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poss
 ible.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003\, announced Octobe
 r 6\, 2003.\nPaul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield\, “for their disc
 overies concerning magnetic resonance imaging”.\nPaul C. Lauterbur: born
  1929\, Sidney\, OH\, USA.\nSir Peter Mansfield: born 1933\, London\, Unit
 ed Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mansfield\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041007
DESCRIPTION:Aaron Ciechanover is an Israeli biologist who won the Nobel Pri
 ze in Chemistry for characterizing the method that cells use to degrade an
 d recycle proteins using ubiquitin.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004\,
  announced October 6\, 2004.\nAaron Ciechanover\, Avram Hershko\, and Irwi
 n Rose\, “for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”
 .\nAaron Ciechanover: born 1947\, Haifa\, British Protectorate of Palestin
 e (now Israel).\nAvram Hershko: born 1937\, Karcag\, Hungary.\nIrwin Rose:
  born 1926\, Brooklyn\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_C
 iechanover\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Hershko\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Irwin_Rose\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Aaron Ciechanover\, Avram Hershko\, and Irwin Ros
 e
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041012
DESCRIPTION:Finn Erling Kydland is a Norwegian economist known for his cont
 ributions to business cycle theory. He is the Henley Professor of Economic
 s at the University of California\, Santa Barbara. He also holds the Richa
 rd P. Simmons Distinguished Professorship at the Tepper School of Business
  of Carnegie Mellon University\, where he earned his PhD\, and a part-time
  position at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). Kydland was a co-rec
 ipient of the 2004 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics\, with Edward C. Pres
 cott\, "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consis
 tency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles."\n
 \nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nob
 el 2004\, announced October 11\, 2004.\nFinn E. Kydland and Edward C. Pres
 cott\, “for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time cons
 istency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
 ”.\nFinn E. Kydland: born 1943\, Gjesdal\, Norway.\nEdward C. Prescott: 
 born 1940\, Glens Falls\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_
 E._Kydland\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041008
DESCRIPTION:Elfriede Jelinek is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She is
  one of the most decorated authors to write in German and was awarded the 
 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter
 -voices in novels and plays that\, with extraordinary linguistic zeal\, re
 veal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power". She
  is considered to be among the most important living playwrights of the Ge
 rman language.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2004\, announced October 7
 \, 2004.\nElfriede Jelinek\, “for her musical flow of voices and counter
 -voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal
  the absurdity of society's clich&eacute\;s and their subjugating power”
 .\nElfriede Jelinek: born 1946\, Mürzzuschlag\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Elfriede Jelinek
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041009
DESCRIPTION:Wangarĩ Maathai was a Kenyan social\, environmental\, and poli
 tical activist who founded the Green Belt Movement\, an environmental non-
 governmental organization focused on planting trees\, environmental conser
 vation\, and women's rights. In 2004\, she became the first African woman 
 to win the Nobel Peace Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2004\, announced Oc
 tober 8\, 2004.\nWangari Maathai\, “for her contribution to sustainable 
 development\, democracy and peace”.\nWangari Maathai: born 1940\, Nyeri\
 , Kenya.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Wangari Maathai
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041006
DESCRIPTION:David Jonathan Gross is an American theoretical physicist and s
 tring theorist. He shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with Frank Wilcz
 ek and Hugh David Politzer "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the
  theory of the strong interaction".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2004\, a
 nnounced October 5\, 2004.\nDavid J. Gross\, H. David Politzer\, and Frank
  Wilczek\, “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the
  strong interaction”.\nDavid J. Gross: born 1941\, Washington\, D.C.\, U
 SA.\nH. David Politzer: born 1949\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nFrank Wilczek: b
 orn 1951\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gro
 ss\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · David J. Gross\, H. David Politzer\, and Frank Wi
 lczek
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2004-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20041004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20041005
DESCRIPTION:Richard Axel is an American molecular biologist and university 
 professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University and inv
 estigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His work on the olfactor
 y system won him and Linda Buck\, a former postdoctoral research scientist
  in his group\, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004\, announced October 4\, 2004.\n
 Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck\, “for their discoveries of odorant recep
 tors and the organization of the olfactory system”.\nRichard Axel: born 
 1946\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nLinda B. Buck: born 1947\, Seattle\, WA\, USA
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Axel\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Linda_B._Buck\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051006
DESCRIPTION:Yves Chauvin was a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He 
 was honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a
  member of the French Academy of Sciences. He was known for his work for d
 eciphering the process of olefin metathesis for which he was awarded the 2
 005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Sc
 hrock.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005\, announced October 5\, 2005.\
 nYves Chauvin\, Robert H. Grubbs\, and Richard R. Schrock\, “for the dev
 elopment of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”.\nYves Chauvin: 
 born 1930\, Menin\, Belgium.\nRobert H. Grubbs: born 1942\, Possum Trot\, 
 KY\, USA.\nRichard R. Schrock: born 1945\, Berne\, IN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Chauvin\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._
 Grubbs\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Yves Chauvin\, Robert H. Grubbs\, and Richard R. 
 Schrock
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051011
DESCRIPTION:Robert John Aumann is an Israeli-American mathematician\, and a
  member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He is a profess
 or at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of 
 Jerusalem. He also holds a visiting position at Stony Brook University\, a
 nd is one of the founding members of the Stony Brook Center for Game Theor
 y.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
  Nobel 2005\, announced October 10\, 2005.\nRobert J. Aumann and Thomas C.
  Schelling\, “for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and coop
 eration through game-theory analysis”.\nRobert J. Aumann: born 1930\, Fr
 ankfurt-on-the-Main\, Germany.\nThomas C. Schelling: born 1921\, Oakland\,
  CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aumann\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schelling\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051014
DESCRIPTION:Harold Pinter was an English playwright\, screenwriter\, direct
 or and actor. A recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature\, Pinter w
 as one of the most influential modern dramatists of British theatre with a
  writing career that spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays incl
 ude The Birthday Party (1957)\, The Homecoming (1964) and Betrayal (1978)\
 , each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of o
 thers' works include The Servant (1963)\, The Go-Between (1971)\, The Fren
 ch Lieutenant's Woman (1981)\, The Trial (1993) and Sleuth (2007). He also
  directed or acted in radio\, stage\, television and film productions of h
 is own and others' works.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2005\, announce
 d October 13\, 2005.\nHarold Pinter\, “who in his plays uncovers the pre
 cipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed ro
 oms”.\nHarold Pinter: born 1930\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Harold Pinter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051008
DESCRIPTION:The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovern
 mental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear ener
 gy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose\, including nuclear wea
 pons. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the 
 United Nations System\; though governed by its own founding treaty\, the o
 rganization reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council 
 of the United Nations\, and is headquartered at the UN Office at Vienna\, 
 Austria.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2005\, announced October 7\, 2005.\nInte
 rnational Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei\, “for their effort
 s to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to e
 nsure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest poss
 ible way”.\nMohamed ElBaradei: born 1942\, Cairo\, Egypt.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElB
 aradei
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051005
DESCRIPTION:Roy Jay Glauber was an American theoretical physicist. He was t
 he Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Pro
 fessor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York 
 City\, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his
  contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"\, with the other
  half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. In this work\, publis
 hed in 1963\, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fund
 amental characteristics of different types of light\, such as laser light 
 and light from light bulbs. His theories are widely used in the field of q
 uantum optics. In statistical physics he pioneered the study of the dynami
 cs of first-order phase transitions\, since he first defined and investiga
 ted the stochastic dynamics of an Ising model in a paper published in 1963
 .\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2005\, announced October 4\, 2005.\nRoy J.
  Glauber (1/2)\, “for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical 
 coherence”.\nJohn L. Hall (1/4)\, “for their contributions to the deve
 lopment of laser-based precision spectroscopy\, including the optical freq
 uency comb technique”.\nTheodor W. Hänsch (1/4)\, “for their contribu
 tions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy\, including
  the optical frequency comb technique”.\nRoy J. Glauber: born 1925\, New
  York\, NY\, USA.\nJohn L. Hall: born 1934\, Denver\, CO\, USA.\nTheodor W
 . Hänsch: born 1941\, Heidelberg\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Roy_J._Glauber\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hall\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Hänsch\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Roy J. Glauber\, John L. Hall\, and Theodor W. H
 änsch
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2005-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20051003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20051004
DESCRIPTION:Barry James Marshall is an Australian physician\, Nobel Laureat
 e in Physiology or Medicine\, Professor of Clinical Microbiology and Co-Di
 rector of the Marshall Centre at the University of Western Australia. Mars
 hall and Robin Warren showed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori plays 
 a major role in causing many peptic ulcers\, challenging decades of medica
 l doctrine holding that ulcers were caused primarily by stress\, spicy foo
 ds\, and too much acid. This discovery has allowed for a breakthrough in u
 nderstanding a causative link between Helicobacter pylori infection and st
 omach cancer.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005\, announce
 d October 3\, 2005.\nBarry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren\, “for their 
 discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gast
 ritis and peptic ulcer disease”.\nBarry J. Marshall: born 1951\, Kalgoor
 lie\, Australia.\nJ. Robin Warren: born 1937\, Adelaide\, Australia.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Marshall\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Robin_Warren\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061005
DESCRIPTION:Roger David Kornberg is an American biochemist and professor of
  structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. Kornberg wa
 s awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies of the proc
 ess by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA\, "the molecula
 r basis of eukaryotic transcription."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006
 \, announced October 4\, 2006.\nRoger D. Kornberg\, “for his studies of 
 the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”.\nRoger D. Kornberg: bo
 rn 1947\, St. Louis\, MO\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_D._
 Kornberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Roger D. Kornberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061010
DESCRIPTION:Edmund Strother Phelps was an American economist and the recipi
 ent of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.\n\nThe Sveriges
  Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006\, anno
 unced October 9\, 2006.\nEdmund S. Phelps\, “for his analysis of interte
 mporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”.\nEdmund S. Phelps: born 1933\
 , Evanston\, IL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Phelps\n\nD
 ata: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Edmund S. Phelps
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061013
DESCRIPTION:Ferit Orhan Pamuk is a Turkish novelist\, screenwriter\, academ
 ic\, and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. One of Turkey's 
 most prominent novelists\, he has sold over 13 million books in 63 languag
 es\, making him the country's best-selling writer.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in L
 iterature 2006\, announced October 12\, 2006.\nOrhan Pamuk\, “who in the
  quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symb
 ols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”.\nOrhan Pamuk: born 1952\
 , Istanbul\, Turkey.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Orhan Pamuk
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061014
DESCRIPTION:Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi economist and statesman. Yunus 
 pioneered the modern concept of microcredit and microfinance\, for which h
 e was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. He is the founder of Grameen 
 Bank and the first Bangladeshi to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Following the
  July Uprising\, he was appointed as the 5th chief adviser of Bangladesh\,
  the head of the interim government\, serving from 2024 to 2026.\n\nThe No
 bel Peace Prize 2006\, announced October 13\, 2006.\nMuhammad Yunus and Gr
 ameen Bank\, “for their efforts to create economic and social developmen
 t from below”.\nMuhammad Yunus: born 1940\, Chittagong\, British India (
 now Bangladesh).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061004
DESCRIPTION:John Cromwell Mather is an American astrophysicist and cosmolog
 ist. He shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics with George Smoot for the "
 for their discovery of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic mi
 crowave background radiation".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2006\, announ
 ced October 3\, 2006.\nJohn C. Mather and George F. Smoot\, “for their d
 iscovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave back
 ground radiation”.\nJohn C. Mather: born 1946\, Roanoke\, VA\, USA.\nGeo
 rge F. Smoot: born 1945\, Yukon\, FL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/John_C._Mather\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · John C. Mather and George F. Smoot
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2006-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20061002
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20061003
DESCRIPTION:Andrew Zachary Fire is an American biologist and professor of p
 athology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He
  was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\, along with C
 raig C. Mello\, for the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi). This researc
 h was conducted at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and published in
  1998.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006\, announced Octob
 er 2\, 2006.\nAndrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello\, “for their discovery o
 f RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”.\nAndrew Z. 
 Fire: born 1959\, Stanford\, CA\, USA.\nCraig C. Mello: born 1960\, New Ha
 ven\, CT\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fire\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mello\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071011
DESCRIPTION:Gerhard Ertl is a German physicist and a Professor emeritus at 
 the Department of Physical Chemistry\, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck
 -Gesellschaft in Berlin\, Germany. Ertl's research laid the foundation of 
 modern surface chemistry\, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce
  energy without pollution\, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts
  and even why iron rusts\, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.\n\n
 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007\, announced October 10\, 2007.\nGerhard 
 Ertl\, “for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces”.\nGer
 hard Ertl: born 1936\, Bad Cannstatt\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Gerhard Ertl
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071016
DESCRIPTION:Leonid Hurwicz was a Polish–American economist and mathematic
 ian\, known for his work in game theory and mechanism design. He originate
 d the concept of incentive compatibility\, and showed how desired outcomes
  can be achieved by using incentive compatible mechanism design. Hurwicz s
 hared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his seminal w
 ork on mechanism design. Hurwicz was one of the oldest Nobel Laureates\, h
 aving received the prize at the age of 90.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize 
 in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007\, announced October 15
 \, 2007.\nLeonid Hurwicz\, Eric S. Maskin\, and Roger B. Myerson\, “for 
 having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”.\nLeonid Hurwicz
 : born 1917\, Moscow\, Russia.\nEric S. Maskin: born 1950\, New York\, NY\
 , USA.\nRoger B. Myerson: born 1951\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Maskin\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Myerson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation
  (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Leonid Hurwicz\, Eric S. Maskin\, and Roger B. My
 erson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071012
DESCRIPTION:Doris May Lessing was a British novelist – sometimes identifi
 ed as Rhodesian early in her career – and winner of the Nobel Prize in L
 iterature in 2007. Lessing was born to British parents in Iran\, where she
  lived until she was 6 in 1925. Her family then moved to Southern Rhodesia
 \, where she remained until moving to London\, England\, in 1949. Her nove
 ls include The Grass Is Singing (1950)\, the sequence of five novels colle
 ctively called Children of Violence (1952–1969)\, The Golden Notebook (1
 962)\, The Good Terrorist (1985)\, and five novels collectively known as C
 anopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 
 2007\, announced October 11\, 2007.\nDoris Lessing\, “that epicist of th
 e female experience\, who with scepticism\, fire and visionary power has s
 ubjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”.\nDoris Lessing: born 1919\
 , Kermanshah\, Persia (now Iran).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_L
 essing\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Doris Lessing
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071013
DESCRIPTION:The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an inte
 rgovernmental body of the United Nations (UN). Its job is to "provide gove
 rnments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to dev
 elop climate policies". The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and th
 e United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The
  UN endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year. It has a secretaria
 t in Geneva\, Switzerland\, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 member states wh
 o govern the IPCC. The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve
  through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The b
 ureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports. \nThere is 
 a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to f
 ind these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force\, wh
 ich carry out its scientific work.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2007\, announc
 ed October 12\, 2007.\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Go
 re\, “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge ab
 out man-made climate change\, and to lay the foundations for the measures 
 that are needed to counteract such change”.\nAl Gore: born 1948\, Washin
 gton\, D.C.\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Pane
 l_on_Climate_Change\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al G
 ore
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071010
DESCRIPTION:Albert Fert is a French physicist and one of the discoverers of
  giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte ha
 rd disks. Currently\, he is an emeritus professor at Paris-Saclay Universi
 ty in Orsay\, scientific director of a joint laboratory between the Centre
  national de la recherche scientifique and Thales Group\, and adjunct prof
 essor at Michigan State University. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in
  Physics together with Peter Grünberg.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2007
 \, announced October 9\, 2007.\nAlbert Fert and Peter Grünberg\, “for t
 he discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”.\nAlbert Fert: born 1938\, Carc
 assonne\, France.\nPeter Grünberg: born 1939\, Plzen\, Czechoslovakia (no
 w Czech Republic).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fert\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grünberg\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2007-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20071008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20071009
DESCRIPTION:Mario Ramberg Capecchi is an Italian-born American molecular ge
 neticist and a co-awardee of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicin
 e for discovering a method to create mice in which a specific gene is turn
 ed off\, known as knockout mice. He shared the prize with Martin Evans and
  Oliver Smithies. Capecchi is Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics an
 d Biology at the University of Utah School of Medicine.\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Physiology or Medicine 2007\, announced October 8\, 2007.\nMario R. Ca
 pecchi\, Sir Martin J. Evans\, and Oliver Smithies\, “for their discover
 ies of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by t
 he use of embryonic stem cells”.\nMario R. Capecchi: born 1937\, Verona\
 , Italy.\nSir Martin J. Evans: born 1941\, Stroud\, United Kingdom.\nOlive
 r Smithies: born 1925\, Halifax\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Mario_Capecchi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Evans\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Smithies\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Mario R. Capecchi\, Sir Martin J. Evans\, and Oliv
 er Smithies
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081009
DESCRIPTION:Osamu Shimomura  was a Japanese organic chemist and marine biol
 ogist\, and professor emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Wo
 ods Hole\, Massachusetts and Boston University School of Medicine. He was 
 awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and develop
 ment of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two American scientists: Mart
 in Chalfie of Columbia University and Roger Tsien of the University of Cal
 ifornia-San Diego.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008\, announced Octobe
 r 8\, 2008.\nOsamu Shimomura\, Martin Chalfie\, and Roger Y. Tsien\, “fo
 r the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein\, GFP”.
 \nOsamu Shimomura: born 1928\, Kyoto\, Japan.\nMartin Chalfie: born 1947\,
  Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nRoger Y. Tsien: born 1952\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Martin_Chalfie\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Osamu Shimomura\, Martin Chalfie\, and Roger Y. T
 sien
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081014
DESCRIPTION:Paul Robin Krugman is an American economist who is the Distingu
 ished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University
  of New York. He was a columnist for The New York Times from 2000 to 2024.
  In 2008\, Krugman was the sole winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Econ
 omic Sciences for his contributions to new trade theory and new economic g
 eography. The Prize Committee cited Krugman's work explaining the patterns
  of international trade and the geographic distribution of economic activi
 ty\, by examining the effects of economies of scale and of consumer prefer
 ences for diverse goods and services.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Ec
 onomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008\, announced October 13\, 20
 08.\nPaul Krugman\, “for his analysis of trade patterns and location of 
 economic activity”.\nPaul Krugman: born 1953\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Paul Krugman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081010
DESCRIPTION:Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio\, usually identified as J. M. G. 
 Le Clézio\, is a writer and professor who holds both French and Mauritian
  nationality. The author of over forty works\, he was awarded the 1963 Pri
 x Renaudot for his novel The Interrogation and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature for his life's work\, as an "author of new departures\, poetic adv
 enture and sensual ecstasy\, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the r
 eigning civilization".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2008\, announced O
 ctober 9\, 2008.\nJean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio\, “author of new departu
 res\, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy\, explorer of a humanity beyond
  and below the reigning civilization”.\nJean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio: b
 orn 1940\, Nice\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl
 ézio\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081011
DESCRIPTION:Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari was a Finnish politician and diplo
 mat who was the president of Finland from 1994 to 2000. He was Finland's A
 mbassador to Tanzania from 1973 to 1977 and United Nations Commissioner fo
 r Namibia from 1977 to 1981. Noted for his international peace work\, he r
 eceived the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2008\, ann
 ounced October 10\, 2008.\nMartti Ahtisaari\, “for his important efforts
 \, on several continents and over more than three decades\, to resolve int
 ernational conflicts”.\nMartti Ahtisaari: born 1937\, Viipuri (now Vybor
 g)\, Finland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Martti Ahtisaari
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081008
DESCRIPTION:Yoichiro Nambu  was a Japanese-American physicist and professor
  at the University of Chicago.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2008\, announ
 ced October 7\, 2008.\nYoichiro Nambu (1/2)\, “for the discovery of the 
 mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”.\nMakoto 
 Kobayashi (1/4)\, “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetr
 y which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nat
 ure”.\nToshihide Maskawa (1/4)\, “for the discovery of the origin of t
 he broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families
  of quarks in nature”.\nYoichiro Nambu: born 1921\, Tokyo\, Japan.\nMako
 to Kobayashi: born 1944\, Nagoya\, Japan.\nToshihide Maskawa: born 1940\, 
 Nagoya\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Yoichiro Nambu\, Makoto Kobayashi\, and Toshihide
  Maskawa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2008-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20081006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20081007
DESCRIPTION:Harald zur Hausen NAS EASA APS was a German virologist. He carr
 ied out research on cervical cancer and discovered the role of papilloma v
 iruses in cervical cancer\, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physi
 ology or Medicine in 2008. He was chairman of the German Cancer Research C
 enter in Heidelberg.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008\, a
 nnounced October 6\, 2008.\nHarald zur Hausen (1/2)\, “for his discovery
  of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer”.\nFrançoise Barré
 -Sinoussi (1/4)\, “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
 ”.\nLuc Montagnier (1/4)\, “for their discovery of human immunodeficie
 ncy virus”.\nHarald zur Hausen: born 1936\, Gelsenkirchen\, Germany.\nFr
 ançoise Barré-Sinoussi: born 1947\, Paris\, France.\nLuc Montagnier: bor
 n 1932\, Chabris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_zur_Hau
 sen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Françoise_Barré-Sinoussi\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Montagnier\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Harald zur Hausen\, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi\, a
 nd Luc Montagnier
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091008
DESCRIPTION:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan is an Indian origin British-American s
 tructural biologist. He shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thom
 as A. Steitz and Ada Yonath for research on the structure and function of 
 ribosomes.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009\, announced October 7\, 20
 09.\nVenkatraman Ramakrishnan\, Thomas A. Steitz\, and Ada E. Yonath\, “
 for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”.\nVenkatraman
  Ramakrishnan: born 1952\, Chidambaram\, Tamil Nadu\, India.\nThomas A. St
 eitz: born 1940\, Milwaukee\, WI\, USA.\nAda E. Yonath: born 1939\, Jerusa
 lem\, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._
 Steitz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Yonath\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Venkatraman Ramakrishnan\, Thomas A. Steitz\, and
  Ada E. Yonath
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091013
DESCRIPTION:Elinor Claire "Lin" Ostrom was an American political scientist 
 and political economist whose work was associated with New Institutional E
 conomics and the resurgence of political economy. In 2009\, she was awarde
 d the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for her "analysis of econo
 mic governance\, especially the commons"\, which she shared with Oliver E.
  Williamson\; she was the first woman to win the prize.\n\nThe Sveriges Ri
 ksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009\, announc
 ed October 12\, 2009.\nElinor Ostrom (1/2)\, “for her analysis of econom
 ic governance\, especially the commons”.\nOliver E. Williamson (1/2)\, 
 “for his analysis of economic governance\, especially the boundaries of 
 the firm”.\nElinor Ostrom: born 1933\, Los Angeles\, CA\, USA.\nOliver E
 . Williamson: born 1932\, Superior\, WI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Elinor_Ostrom\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091009
DESCRIPTION:Herta Müller is a Romanian-German novelist\, poet\, essayist a
 nd recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was born in Nițch
 idorf\, Timiș County in Romania\; her native languages are German and Rom
 anian. Since the early 1990s\, she has been internationally established\, 
 and her works have been translated into more than twenty languages.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Literature 2009\, announced October 8\, 2009.\nHerta Müll
 er\, “who\, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose\
 , depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”.\nHerta Müller: born 1953\
 , Nitzkydorf\, Banat\, Romania.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_Mü
 ller\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Herta Müller
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091010
DESCRIPTION:Barack Hussein Obama II is an American retired politician who s
 erved as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A memb
 er of the Democratic Party\, he was the first African American to serve as
  president. Obama represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 20
 05 to 2008 and served as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.\n\nT
 he Nobel Peace Prize 2009\, announced October 9\, 2009.\nBarack H. Obama\,
  “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy an
 d cooperation between peoples”.\nBarack H. Obama: born 1961\, Honolulu\,
  HI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Barack H. Obama
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091007
DESCRIPTION:Sir Charles Kuen Kao was a Hong Kong electrical engineer who co
 ntributed to the development and use of fibre optics in telecommunications
 . In the 1960s\, Kao created various methods to combine glass fibres with 
 lasers in order to transmit digital data\, which laid the groundwork for t
 he evolution of the Internet and the eventual creation of the World Wide W
 eb.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2009\, announced October 6\, 2009.\nChar
 les K. Kao (1/2)\, “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the trans
 mission of light in fibers for optical communication”.\nWillard S. Boyle
  (1/4)\, “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CC
 D sensor”.\nGeorge E. Smith (1/4)\, “for the invention of an imaging s
 emiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor”.\nCharles K. Kao: born 1933\, Sha
 nghai\, China.\nWillard S. Boyle: born 1924\, Amherst\, NS\, Canada.\nGeor
 ge E. Smith: born 1930\, White Plains\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Boyle\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Charles K. Kao\, Willard S. Boyle\, and George E.
  Smith
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2009-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20091005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20091006
DESCRIPTION:Elizabeth Helen Blackburn is an Australian–American Nobel lau
 reate who is the former president of the Salk Institute for Biological Stu
 dies. In 1984\, Blackburn co-discovered telomerase\, the enzyme that reple
 nishes the telomere\, with Carol W. Greider. For this work\, she was award
 ed the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\, sharing it with Carol 
 W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak\, becoming the first Australian woman Nobel
  laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009\, announced O
 ctober 5\, 2009.\nElizabeth H. Blackburn\, Carol W. Greider\, and Jack W. 
 Szostak\, “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomer
 es and the enzyme telomerase”.\nElizabeth H. Blackburn: born 1948\, Hoba
 rt\, Tasmania\, Australia.\nCarol W. Greider: born 1961\, San Diego\, CA\,
  USA.\nJack W. Szostak: born 1952\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car
 ol_W._Greider\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Elizabeth H. Blackburn\, Carol W. Greider\, and Ja
 ck W. Szostak
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101007
DESCRIPTION:Richard Frederick Heck was an American chemist noted for the di
 scovery and development of the Heck reaction\, which uses palladium to cat
 alyze organic chemical reactions that couple aryl halides with alkenes. Th
 e analgesic naproxen is an example of a compound that is prepared industri
 ally using the Heck reaction.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010\, annou
 nced October 6\, 2010.\nRichard F. Heck\, Ei-ichi Negishi\, and Akira Suzu
 ki\, “for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”.\n
 Richard F. Heck: born 1931\, Springfield\, MA\, USA.\nEi-ichi Negishi: bor
 n 1935\, Changchun\, China.\nAkira Suzuki: born 1930\, Mukawa\, Japan.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Heck\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi
 ki/Ei-ichi_Negishi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Suzuki_(chemist)\n
 \nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Richard F. Heck\, Ei-ichi Negishi\, and Akira Suz
 uki
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101012
DESCRIPTION:Peter Arthur Diamond is an American economist known for his ana
 lysis of U.S. Social Security policy and his work as an advisor to the Adv
 isory Council on Social Security in the late 1980s and 1990s. He was award
 ed the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2010\, along with Dale
  T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides. He is an Institute Professor 
 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. On June 6\, 2011\, he withdr
 ew his nomination to serve on the Federal Reserve's board of governors\, c
 iting intractable Republican opposition for 14 months.\n\nThe Sveriges Rik
 sbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2010\, announce
 d October 11\, 2010.\nPeter A. Diamond\, Dale T. Mortensen\, and Christoph
 er A. Pissarides\, “for their analysis of markets with search frictions
 ”.\nPeter A. Diamond: born 1940\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nDale T. Mortense
 n: born 1939\, Enterprise\, OR\, USA.\nChristopher A. Pissarides: born 194
 8\, Nicosia\, Cyprus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamond\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Christopher_A._Pissarides\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Peter A. Diamond\, Dale T. Mortensen\, and Christ
 opher A. Pissarides
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101008
DESCRIPTION:Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa\, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa w
 as a Peruvian novelist\, journalist\, essayist\, and politician. Vargas Ll
 osa was one of the most significant Latin American novelists and essayists
  and one of the leading writers of his generation. Some critics consider h
 im to have had a more substantial international impact and worldwide audie
 nce than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. In 2010\, he won the
  Nobel Prize in Literature for "his cartography of structures of power and
  his trenchant images of the individual's resistance\, revolt\, and defeat
 ".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2010\, announced October 7\, 2010.\nMa
 rio Vargas Llosa\, “for his cartography of structures of power and his t
 renchant images of the individual's resistance\, revolt\, and defeat”.\n
 Mario Vargas Llosa: born 1936\, Arequipa\, Peru.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o
 rg/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Mario Vargas Llosa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101009
DESCRIPTION:Liu Xiaobo was a Chinese literary critic\, human rights activis
 t\, philosopher and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who called for political re
 forms and was involved in campaigns to end Chinese Communist Party one-par
 ty rule in China. He was arrested numerous times\, and was described as Ch
 ina's most prominent dissident and the country's most famous political pri
 soner. On 26 June 2017\, he was granted medical parole after being diagnos
 ed with liver cancer\; he died a few weeks later on 13 July 2017.\n\nThe N
 obel Peace Prize 2010\, announced October 8\, 2010.\nLiu Xiaobo\, “for h
 is long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China”.
 \nLiu Xiaobo: born 1955\, Changchun\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Liu_Xiaobo\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Liu Xiaobo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101006
DESCRIPTION:Sir Andre Konstantin Geim is a Russian-born British-Dutch physi
 cist. Geim was appointed as a chair professor at the University of Hong Ko
 ng and assumed his tenure in 2026.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2010\, an
 nounced October 5\, 2010.\nAndre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov\, “for gr
 oundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
 ”.\nAndre Geim: born 1958\, Sochi\, Russia.\nKonstantin Novoselov: born 
 1974\, Nizhny Tagil\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geim\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2010-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20101004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20101005
DESCRIPTION:Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards was a British physiologist and pion
 eer in reproductive medicine\, and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) in particu
 lar. Along with obstetrician and gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe and nurse a
 nd embryologist Jean Purdy\, Edwards successfully pioneered conception thr
 ough IVF\, which led to the birth of Louise Brown on 25 July 1978. They fo
 unded the first IVF programme for infertile patients and trained other sci
 entists in their techniques. Edwards was the founding editor-in-chief of H
 uman Reproduction in 1986. In 2010\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Phy
 siology or Medicine "for the development of in vitro fertilization".\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010\, announced October 4\, 2010.
 \nRobert G. Edwards\, “for the development of in vitro fertilization”.
 \nRobert G. Edwards: born 1925\, Batley\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Robert G. Edwards
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111006
DESCRIPTION:Dan Shechtman is an Israeli chemist\, the Philip Tobias Profess
 or of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
 \, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames National Laboratory\
 , and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. On April 8\
 , 1982\, while on sabbatical at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in W
 ashington\, D.C.\, Shechtman discovered the icosahedral phase\, which open
 ed the new field of quasiperiodic crystals\, also referred to as "quasicry
 stals." For this discovery\, he was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemis
 try\, making him one of six Israelis who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemi
 stry.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011\, announced October 5\, 2011.\n
 Dan Shechtman\, “for the discovery of quasicrystals”.\nDan Shechtman: 
 born 1941\, Tel Aviv\, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Shechtman\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0)
 .
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Dan Shechtman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111011
DESCRIPTION:Thomas John Sargent is an American economist and a Rowan Distin
 guished Professor of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pe
 nnsylvania. He specializes in the fields of macroeconomics\, monetary econ
 omics\, and time series econometrics. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Pr
 ize in Economics in 2011 together with Christopher A. Sims for their "empi
 rical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy".\n\nThe Sveriges R
 iksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011\, announ
 ced October 10\, 2011.\nThomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims\, “for
  their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy”.\nTho
 mas J. Sargent: born 1943\, Pasadena\, CA\, USA.\nChristopher A. Sims: bor
 n 1942\, Washington\, D.C.\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_
 J._Sargent\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111007
DESCRIPTION:Tomas Gösta Tranströmer was a Swedish poet\, psychologist and
  translator. His poems captured the long winters in Sweden\, the rhythm of
  the seasons and the palpable\, atmospheric beauty of nature. Tranströmer
 's work is also characterized by a sense of mystery and wonder underlying 
 the routine of everyday life\, a quality which often gives his poems a rel
 igious dimension. He has been described as a Christian poet.\n\nThe Nobel 
 Prize in Literature 2011\, announced October 6\, 2011.\nTomas Tranströmer
 \, “because\, through his condensed\, translucent images\, he gives us f
 resh access to reality”.\nTomas Tranströmer: born 1931\, Stockholm\, Sw
 eden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Tranströmer\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Tomas Tranströmer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111008
DESCRIPTION:Ellen Eugenia Johnson Sirleaf is a Liberian politician who serv
 ed as the 24th president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018. Sirleaf was the fir
 st elected female head of state in Africa.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2011\,
  announced October 7\, 2011.\nEllen Johnson Sirleaf\, Leymah Gbowee\, and 
 Tawakkol Karman\, “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of wome
 n and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work”.\
 nEllen Johnson Sirleaf: born 1938\, Monrovia\, Liberia.\nLeymah Gbowee: bo
 rn 1972\, Monrovia\, Liberia.\nTawakkol Karman: born 1979\, Ta'izz\, Yemen
 .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Ellen Johnson Sirleaf\, Leymah Gbowee\, and Tawakk
 ol Karman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111005
DESCRIPTION:Saul Perlmutter is an American astrophysicist who is a professo
 r of physics at the University of California\, Berkeley\, where he holds t
 he Franklin W. and Karen Weber Dabby Chair\, and is head of the Internatio
 nal Supernova Cosmology Project at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laborato
 ry. He is a member of both the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the
  American Philosophical Society\, and was elected a Fellow of the American
  Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003. He is a member of the
  National Academy of Sciences. Perlmutter shared the 2006 Shaw Prize in As
 tronomy\, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics\, and the 2015 Breakthrough Priz
 e in Fundamental Physics with Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess for providin
 g evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Since 2021\
 , he has been a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science
  and Technology (PCAST).\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2011\, announced Oc
 tober 4\, 2011.\nSaul Perlmutter\, Brian P. Schmidt\, and Adam G. Riess\, 
 “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through
  observations of distant supernovae”.\nSaul Perlmutter: born 1959\, Cham
 paign-Urbana\, IL\, USA.\nBrian P. Schmidt: born 1967\, Missoula\, MT\, US
 A.\nAdam G. Riess: born 1969\, Washington\, D.C.\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wiki
 pedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schmid
 t\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riess\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation 
 (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Saul Perlmutter\, Brian P. Schmidt\, and Adam G. 
 Riess
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2011-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111004
DESCRIPTION:Bruce Alan Beutler is an American immunologist and geneticist. 
 Together with Jules A. Hoffmann\, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine\, for "discoveries concerning the activatio
 n of innate immunity." Beutler discovered the long-elusive receptor for li
 popolysaccharide. He did so by identifying spontaneous mutations in the ge
 ne coding for mouse Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) in two unrelated strains o
 f LPS-refractory mice and proving they were responsible for that phenotype
 . Subsequently\, and chiefly through the work of Shizuo Akira\, other TLRs
  were shown to detect signature molecules of most infectious microbes\, in
  each case triggering an innate immune response.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Phy
 siology or Medicine 2011\, announced October 3\, 2011.\nBruce A. Beutler (
 1/4)\, “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immuni
 ty”.\nJules A. Hoffmann (1/4)\, “for their discoveries concerning the 
 activation of innate immunity”.\nRalph M. Steinman (1/2)\, “for his di
 scovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”.\nBruce
  A. Beutler: born 1957\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nJules A. Hoffmann: born 1941
 \, Echternach\, Luxembourg.\nRalph M. Steinman: born 1943\, Montreal\, Can
 ada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Beutler\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinma
 n\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Bruce A. Beutler\, Jules A. Hoffmann\, and Ralph M
 . Steinman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121011
DESCRIPTION:Robert Joseph Lefkowitz is an American physician and biochemist
 . He is best known for his discoveries that reveal the inner workings of a
 n important family of G protein-coupled receptors\, for which he was award
 ed the 2012 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Brian Kobilka. He is currently 
 an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute as well as a Jame
 s B. Duke Professor of Medicine and Professor of Biochemistry and Chemistr
 y at Duke University.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012\, announced Oct
 ober 10\, 2012.\nRobert J. Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka\, “for studies of
  G-protein-coupled receptors”.\nRobert J. Lefkowitz: born 1943\, New Yor
 k\, NY\, USA.\nBrian Kobilka: born 1955\, Little Falls\, MN\, USA.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Brian_Kobilka\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121015
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121016
DESCRIPTION:Alvin Eliot Roth is an American academic. He is the Craig and S
 usan McCaw professor of economics at Stanford University and the Gund prof
 essor of economics and business administration emeritus at Harvard Univers
 ity. He was president of the American Economic Association in 2017.\n\nThe
  Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 20
 12\, announced October 15\, 2012.\nAlvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley\, 
 “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design
 ”.\nAlvin E. Roth: born 1951\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nLloyd S. Shapley: b
 orn 1923\, Cambridge\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_E.
 _Roth\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley\n\nData: the Nobel Foun
 dation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121012
DESCRIPTION:Mo Yan (\, born Guan Moye\, is a Chinese writer. He gained atte
 ntion for his 1984 novella\, A Transparent Radish\, and rose to internatio
 nal fame for his 1986 novel Red Sorghum\, the first two parts of which wer
 e adapted into the Golden Bear-winning film Red Sorghum. In 2012\, he was 
 awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work which "with hallucinato
 ry realism merges folk tales\, history and the contemporary".\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Literature 2012\, announced October 11\, 2012.\nMo Yan\, “who 
 with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales\, history and the contemporar
 y”.\nMo Yan: born 1956\, Gaomi\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Mo_Yan\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Mo Yan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121013
DESCRIPTION:The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27
  member states that are located primarily in Europe. A supranational union
  with a total area of 4\,233\,255 km2 (1\,634\,469 sq mi) and an estima
 ted population of just under 452 million as of 2026\, its member states g
 enerated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €18.802 trilli
 on in 2025\, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic out
 put. The EU is often described as a sui generis political entity combining
  characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.\n\nThe Nobel Pe
 ace Prize 2012\, announced October 12\, 2012.\nEuropean Union\, “for ove
 r six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation\,
  democracy and human rights in Europe”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /European_Union\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · European Union
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121010
DESCRIPTION:Serge Haroche is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 No
 bel Prize for Physics jointly with David J. Wineland for "ground-breaking 
 experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual 
 quantum systems"\, a study of the particle of light\, the photon. This and
  his other works developed laser spectroscopy. Since 2001\, Haroche is a p
 rofessor at the Collège de France and holds the chair of quantum physics 
 and in 2022 he had the Fermi Chair of Physics at University of Rome La Sap
 ienza.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2012\, announced October 9\, 2012.\nS
 erge Haroche and David J. Wineland\, “for ground-breaking experimental m
 ethods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum system
 s”.\nSerge Haroche: born 1944\, Casablanca\, Morocco.\nDavid J. Wineland
 : born 1944\, Milwaukee\, WI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge
 _Haroche\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Wineland\n\nData: the Nob
 el Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2012-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20121008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20121009
DESCRIPTION:Sir John Bertrand Gurdon was a British developmental biologist\
 , best known for his pioneering research in Cellular differentiation and n
 uclear transplantation and cloning.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Me
 dicine 2012\, announced October 8\, 2012.\nSir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Y
 amanaka\, “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to be
 come pluripotent”.\nSir John B. Gurdon: born 1933\, Dippenhall\, United 
 Kingdom.\nShinya Yamanaka: born 1962\, Osaka\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/John_Gurdon\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131010
DESCRIPTION:Martin Karplus was an Austrian and American theoretical chemist
 . He was the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry at Harvard U
 niversity. He was also the director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laborator
 y\, a joint laboratory between the French National Center for Scientific R
 esearch and the University of Strasbourg\, France. Karplus received the 20
 13 Nobel Prize in Chemistry\, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warsh
 el\, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical system
 s".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013\, announced October 9\, 2013.\nMa
 rtin Karplus\, Michael Levitt\, and Arieh Warshel\, “for the development
  of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”.\nMartin Karplus: bo
 rn 1930\, Vienna\, Austria.\nMichael Levitt: born 1947\, Pretoria\, South 
 Africa.\nArieh Warshel: born 1940\, Kibbutz Sde-Nahum\, British Mandate of
  Palestine (now Israel).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levitt\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Arieh_Warshel\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Martin Karplus\, Michael Levitt\, and Arieh Warsh
 el
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131015
DESCRIPTION:Eugene Francis "Gene" Fama is an American economist and Nobel L
 aureate. He is best known for his empirical work on portfolio theory\, ass
 et pricing\, and the efficient-market hypothesis.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank
  Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013\, announced Oct
 ober 14\, 2013.\nEugene F. Fama\, Lars Peter Hansen\, and Robert J. Shille
 r\, “for their empirical analysis of asset prices”.\nEugene F. Fama: b
 orn 1939\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\nLars Peter Hansen: born 1952\, Urbana\, IL\
 , USA.\nRobert J. Shiller: born 1946\, Detroit\, MI\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Fama\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Peter_Ha
 nsen\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller\n\nData: the Nobel F
 oundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Eugene F. Fama\, Lars Peter Hansen\, and Robert J
 . Shiller
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131011
DESCRIPTION:Alice Ann Munro was a Canadian short story writer who was award
 ed the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. Her work tends to move forward a
 nd backward in time\, with integrated short story cycles.\n\nThe Nobel Pri
 ze in Literature 2013\, announced October 10\, 2013.\nAlice Munro\, “mas
 ter of the contemporary short story”.\nAlice Munro: born 1931\, Wingham\
 , Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Munro\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Alice Munro
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131012
DESCRIPTION:The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
  is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Ch
 emical Weapons Convention (CWC)\, which entered into force on 29 April 199
 7. The OPCW\, with its 193 member states\, has its seat in The Hague\, Net
 herlands\; it oversees the global endeavour for the permanent and verifiab
 le elimination of chemical weapons.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2013\, announ
 ced October 11\, 2013.\nOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapo
 ns\, “for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons”.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_We
 apons\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapo
 ns
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131009
DESCRIPTION:François\, Baron Englert was a Belgian theoretical physicist a
 nd 2013 Nobel Prize laureate.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2013\, announc
 ed October 8\, 2013.\nFrançois Englert and Peter Higgs\, “for the theor
 etical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of t
 he origin of mass of subatomic particles\, and which recently was confirme
 d through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle\, by the ATL
 AS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider”.\nFrançois Engl
 ert: born 1932\, Etterbeek\, Belgium.\nPeter Higgs: born 1929\, Newcastle 
 upon Tyne\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Eng
 lert\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · François Englert and Peter Higgs
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2013-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20131007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20131008
DESCRIPTION:James Edward Rothman is an American biochemist. He is the Fergu
 s F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Yale University\, the cha
 irman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale School of Medicine\, and t
 he director of the Nanobiology Institute at the Yale West Campus. Rothman 
 also concurrently serves as adjunct professor of physiology and cellular b
 iophysics at Columbia University and a research professor at the UCL Queen
  Square Institute of Neurology\, University College London.\n\nThe Nobel P
 rize in Physiology or Medicine 2013\, announced October 7\, 2013.\nJames E
 . Rothman\, Randy W. Schekman\, and Thomas C. Südhof\, “for their disco
 veries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic\, a major transport system 
 in our cells”.\nJames E. Rothman: born 1950\, Haverhill\, MA\, USA.\nRan
 dy W. Schekman: born 1948\, St. Paul\, MN\, USA.\nThomas C. Südhof: born 
 1955\, Göttingen\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rothma
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Schekman\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Thomas_C._Südhof\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · James E. Rothman\, Randy W. Schekman\, and Thomas 
 C. Südhof
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141009
DESCRIPTION:Robert Eric Betzig is an American physicist who works as a prof
 essor of physics and professor of molecular and cell biology at the Univer
 sity of California\, Berkeley. He is also a senior fellow at the Janelia F
 arm Research Campus in Ashburn\, Virginia.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry
  2014\, announced October 8\, 2014.\nEric Betzig\, Stefan W. Hell\, and Wi
 lliam E. Moerner\, “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence m
 icroscopy”.\nEric Betzig: born 1960\, Ann Arbor\, MI\, USA.\nStefan W. H
 ell: born 1962\, Arad\, Romania.\nWilliam E. Moerner: born 1953\, Pleasant
 on\, CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Betzig\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Hell\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Moe
 rner\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Eric Betzig\, Stefan W. Hell\, and William E. Moe
 rner
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141014
DESCRIPTION:Jean Marcel Pierre Tirole is a French economist who is currentl
 y a professor of economics at Toulouse 1 Capitole University. He focuses o
 n industrial organization and game theory. In particular\, he focuses on t
 he regulation of economic activity in a way that does not hinder innovatio
 n while maintaining fair rules. Tirole's work is largely theoretical and e
 xplored in mathematical models\, not empirical research.\n\nThe Sveriges R
 iksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2014\, announ
 ced October 13\, 2014.\nJean Tirole\, “for his analysis of market power 
 and regulation”.\nJean Tirole: born 1953\, Troyes\, France.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tirole\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Jean Tirole
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141010
DESCRIPTION:Jean Patrick Modiano\, generally known as Patrick Modiano\, is 
 a French novelist and recipient of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature. He 
 is a noted writer of autofiction\, the blend of autobiography and historic
 al fiction.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2014\, announced October 9\, 
 2014.\nPatrick Modiano\, “for the art of memory with which he has evoked
  the most ungraspable human destinies and\nuncovered the life-world of the
  occupation”.\nPatrick Modiano: born 1945\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Modiano\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Patrick Modiano
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141011
DESCRIPTION:Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned a
 gainst child labor in India and advocated for the universal right to educa
 tion and right to life for children.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2014\, annou
 nced October 10\, 2014.\nKailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai\, “for t
 heir struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for
  the right of all children to education”.\nKailash Satyarthi: born 1954\
 , Vidisha\, India.\nMalala Yousafzai: born 1997\, Mingora\, Pakistan.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Malala_Yousafzai\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141008
DESCRIPTION:Isamu Akasaki  was a Japanese materials scientist specializing 
 in the field of semiconductor technology. He is best known for co-inventin
 g the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p–n junction blue LED in 1989 and sub
 sequently the high-brightness GaN blue LED as well.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in 
 Physics 2014\, announced October 7\, 2014.\nIsamu Akasaki\, Hiroshi Amano\
 , and Shuji Nakamura\, “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitti
 ng diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources
 ”.\nIsamu Akasaki: born 1929\, Chiran\, Japan.\nHiroshi Amano: born 1960
 \, Hamamatsu\, Japan.\nShuji Nakamura: born 1954\, Ikata\, Japan.\n\nhttps
 ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro
 shi_Amano\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Isamu Akasaki\, Hiroshi Amano\, and Shuji Nakamur
 a
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2014-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20141006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20141007
DESCRIPTION:John Michael O'Keefe is an American-British neuroscientist\, ps
 ychologist and a professor at University College London.\n\nThe Nobel Priz
 e in Physiology or Medicine 2014\, announced October 6\, 2014.\nJohn O'Kee
 fe\, May-Britt Moser\, and Edvard I. Moser\, “for their discoveries of c
 ells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”.\nJohn O'Keefe: 
 born 1939\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nMay-Britt Moser: born 1963\, Fosnavåg\,
  Norway.\nEdvard I. Moser: born 1962\, Ålesund\, Norway.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/John_O'Keefe_(neuroscientist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/May-Britt_Moser\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Moser\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · John O'Keefe\, May-Britt Moser\, and Edvard I. Mos
 er
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151008
DESCRIPTION:Tomas Robert Lindahl is a Swedish-British scientist specialisin
 g in cancer research. In 2015\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistr
 y jointly with American chemist Paul L. Modrich and Turkish chemist Aziz S
 ancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemist
 ry 2015\, announced October 7\, 2015.\nTomas Lindahl\, Paul Modrich\, and 
 Aziz Sancar\, “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair”.\nTomas Lindahl:
  born 1938\, Stockholm\, Sweden.\nPaul Modrich: born 1946\, Raton\, NM\, U
 SA.\nAziz Sancar: born 1946\, Savur\, Turkey.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Tomas_Lindahl\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Sancar\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Tomas Lindahl\, Paul Modrich\, and Aziz Sancar
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151013
DESCRIPTION:Sir Angus Stewart Deaton is a British-American economist and ac
 ademic. Deaton is a Senior Scholar and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor 
 of Economics and International Affairs Emeritus at the Princeton School of
  Public and International Affairs and the Economics Department at Princeto
 n University. His research focuses primarily on poverty\, inequality\, hea
 lth\, wellbeing\, and economic development.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize
  in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2015\, announced October 1
 2\, 2015.\nAngus Deaton\, “for his analysis of consumption\, poverty\, a
 nd welfare”.\nAngus Deaton: born 1945\, Edinburgh\, Scotland.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Deaton\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Angus Deaton
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151009
DESCRIPTION:Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich is a Belarusian author\, inves
 tigative journalist\, and oral historian who writes in Russian. She was aw
 arded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her polyphonic writings\, a 
 monument to suffering and courage in our time". She is the first writer fr
 om Belarus to receive the award.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2015\, a
 nnounced October 8\, 2015.\nSvetlana Alexievich\, “for her polyphonic wr
 itings\, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”.\nSvetlana Ale
 xievich: born 1948\, Ivano-Frankivsk\, Ukraine.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Svetlana Alexievich
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151010
DESCRIPTION:The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet is a group of four civil
  society organizations that were central mediators in the effort to consol
 idate democratic gains and form a lasting constitutional settlement in Tun
 isia following the unrest and historic regime change of the 2011 Jasmine R
 evolution.[1]\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2015\, announced October 9\, 2015.\
 nNational Dialogue Quartet\, “for its decisive contribution to the build
 ing of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revol
 ution of 2011”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialo
 gue_Quartet\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · National Dialogue Quartet
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151007
DESCRIPTION:Takaaki Kajita  is a Japanese physicist\, known for neutrino ex
 periments at the Kamioka Observatory – Kamiokande and its successor\, Su
 per-Kamiokande. In 2015\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics jointl
 y with Canadian physicist Arthur B. McDonald for the discovery of neutrino
  oscillations. On 1 October 2020\, he became the president of the Science 
 Council of Japan.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2015\, announced October 6
 \, 2015.\nTakaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald\, “for the discovery of 
 neutrino oscillations\, which shows that neutrinos have mass”.\nTakaaki 
 Kajita: born 1959\, Higashimatsuyama\, Japan.\nArthur B. McDonald: born 19
 43\, Sydney\, Nova Scotia\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaa
 ki_Kajita\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald\n\nData: the N
 obel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2015-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20151005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20151006
DESCRIPTION:William Cecil Campbell is an Irish and American microbiologist 
 known for his work in discovering a novel therapy against infections cause
 d by roundworms\, for which he was jointly awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in
  Physiology or Medicine. He helped to discover a class of drugs called ave
 rmectins\, whose derivatives have been shown to have "extraordinary effica
 cy" in treating River blindness and Lymphatic filariasis\, among other par
 asitic diseases affecting animals and humans. Campbell worked at the Merck
  Institute for Therapeutic Research 1957–1990\, and has become a researc
 h fellow emeritus at Drew University.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or 
 Medicine 2015\, announced October 5\, 2015.\nWilliam C. Campbell (1/4)\, 
 “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections cau
 sed by roundworm parasites”.\nSatoshi Ōmura (1/4)\, “for their discov
 eries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm pa
 rasites”.\nTu Youyou (1/2)\, “for her discoveries concerning a novel t
 herapy against Malaria”.\nWilliam C. Campbell: born 1930\, Ramelton\, Ir
 eland.\nSatoshi Ōmura: born 1935\, Yamanashi Prefecture\, Japan.\nTu Youy
 ou: born 1930\, Zhejiang Ningbo\, China.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 William_C._Campbell_(scientist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Ōm
 ura\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Youyou\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation
  (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · William C. Campbell\, Satoshi Ōmura\, and Tu Youy
 ou
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161006
DESCRIPTION:Jean-Pierre Sauvage is a French coordination chemist working at
  Strasbourg University. He graduated from the National School of Chemistry
  of Strasbourg\, in 1967. He has specialized in supramolecular chemistry f
 or which he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with 
 Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemi
 stry 2016\, announced October 5\, 2016.\nJean-Pierre Sauvage\, Sir J. Fras
 er Stoddart\, and Bernard L. Feringa\, “for the design and synthesis of 
 molecular machines”.\nJean-Pierre Sauvage: born 1944\, Paris\, France.\n
 Sir J. Fraser Stoddart: born 1942\, Edinburgh\, United Kingdom.\nBernard L
 . Feringa: born 1951\, Barger-Compascuum\, the Netherlands.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fras
 er_Stoddart\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Feringa\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Jean-Pierre Sauvage\, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart\, an
 d Bernard L. Feringa
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161011
DESCRIPTION:Sir Oliver Simon D'Arcy Hart is a British-American economist\, 
 currently the Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor at Harvard
  University. Together with Bengt R. Holmström\, he received the Nobel Mem
 orial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize i
 n Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2016\, announced October 10\
 , 2016.\nOliver Hart and Bengt Holmström\, “for their contributions to 
 contract theory”.\nOliver Hart: born 1948\, London\, United Kingdom.\nBe
 ngt Holmström: born 1949\, Helsinki\, Finland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Holmst
 röm\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161014
DESCRIPTION:Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter. Described as one of
  the greatest songwriters of all time\, Dylan has been a major figure in p
 opular culture over his 69-year career. Dylan added increasingly sophistic
 ated lyrical techniques to the folk music of the early 1960s\, infusing it
  "with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry". His lyrics i
 ncorporated political\, social\, and philosophical influences\, defying po
 p music conventions and appealing to the burgeoning counterculture.\n\nThe
  Nobel Prize in Literature 2016\, announced October 13\, 2016.\nBob Dylan\
 , “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American s
 ong tradition”.\nBob Dylan: born 1941\, Duluth\, MN\, USA.\n\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Bob Dylan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161008
DESCRIPTION:Juan Manuel Santos Calderón is a Colombian politician who was 
 the President of Colombia from 2010 to 2018. He was the recipient of the 2
 016 Nobel Peace Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2016\, announced October 7
 \, 2016.\nJuan Manuel Santos\, “for his resolute efforts to bring the co
 untry's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end”.\nJuan Manuel Santos
 : born 1951\, Bogotá\, Colombia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ma
 nuel_Santos\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Juan Manuel Santos
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161005
DESCRIPTION:David James Thouless was a British condensed-matter physicist. 
 He was awarded the 1990 Wolf Prize and a laureate of the 2016 Nobel Prize 
 for physics along with F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for 
 theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological p
 hases of matter.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2016\, announced October 4\
 , 2016.\nDavid J. Thouless\, F. Duncan M. Haldane\, and J. Michael Kosterl
 itz\, “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and 
 topological phases of matter”.\nDavid J. Thouless: born 1934\, Bearsden\
 , United Kingdom.\nF. Duncan M. Haldane: born 1951\, London\, United Kingd
 om.\nJ. Michael Kosterlitz: born 1943\, Aberdeen\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Thouless\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Duncan_Haldane\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz\n\nDa
 ta: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · David J. Thouless\, F. Duncan M. Haldane\, and J.
  Michael Kosterlitz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2016-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20161003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20161004
DESCRIPTION:Yoshinori Ohsumi  is a Japanese cell biologist specializing in 
 autophagy\, the process that cells use to destroy and recycle cellular com
 ponents.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016\, announced Oct
 ober 3\, 2016.\nYoshinori Ohsumi\, “for his discoveries of mechanisms fo
 r autophagy”.\nYoshinori Ohsumi: born 1945\, Fukuoka\, Japan.\n\nhttps:/
 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0
 ).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Yoshinori Ohsumi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171005
DESCRIPTION:Jacques Dubochet is a retired Swiss biophysicist. He is a forme
 r researcher at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg\, 
 Germany\, and an honorary professor of biophysics at the University of Lau
 sanne in Switzerland.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017\, announced Oct
 ober 4\, 2017.\nJacques Dubochet\, Joachim Frank\, and Richard Henderson\,
  “for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution struct
 ure determination of biomolecules in solution”.\nJacques Dubochet: born 
 1942\, Aigle\, Switzerland.\nJoachim Frank: born 1940\, Siegen\, Germany.\
 nRichard Henderson: born 1945\, Edinburgh\, Scotland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Frank
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)\n\nData: the
  Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Jacques Dubochet\, Joachim Frank\, and Richard He
 nderson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171010
DESCRIPTION:Richard H. Thaler is an American economist and the Charles R. W
 algreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economic
 s at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. In 2015\, Thaler 
 was president of the American Economic Association.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksba
 nk Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2017\, announced O
 ctober 9\, 2017.\nRichard H. Thaler\, “for his contributions to behaviou
 ral economics”.\nRichard H. Thaler: born 1945\, East Orange\, NJ\, USA.\
 n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thaler\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Richard H. Thaler
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171006
DESCRIPTION:Sir Kazuo Ishiguro  is a Japanese-British novelist\, screenwrit
 er\, musician\, and short-story writer. He is one of the most critically a
 cclaimed contemporary fiction authors writing in English\, having been awa
 rded several major literary prizes\, including the 2017 Nobel Prize in Lit
 erature. In its citation\, the Swedish Academy described Ishiguro as a wri
 ter "who\, in novels of great emotional force\, has uncovered the abyss be
 neath our illusory sense of connection with the world".\n\nThe Nobel Prize
  in Literature 2017\, announced October 5\, 2017.\nKazuo Ishiguro\, “who
 \, in novels of great emotional force\, has uncovered the abyss beneath ou
 r illusory sense of connection with the world”.\nKazuo Ishiguro: born 19
 54\, Nagasaki\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Kazuo Ishiguro
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171007
DESCRIPTION:The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons is a glob
 al civil society coalition working to promote adherence to and full implem
 entation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The campaign
  helped bring about this treaty. ICAN was launched in 2007. In 2022\, it c
 ounted 661 partner organizations in 110 countries.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Priz
 e 2017\, announced October 6\, 2017.\nInternational Campaign to Abolish Nu
 clear Weapons\, “for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic huma
 nitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-bre
 aking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons”.\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_W
 eapons\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171004
DESCRIPTION:Rainer Weiss was a German-American physicist\, known for his co
 ntributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. He was a professor 
 of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an adjunct pro
 fessor at Louisiana State University. He is best known for inventing the l
 aser interferometric technique which is the basic operation of LIGO. He wa
 s Chair of the COBE Science Working Group.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2
 017\, announced October 3\, 2017.\nRainer Weiss\, Barry C. Barish\, and Ki
 p S. Thorne\, “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the o
 bservation of gravitational waves”.\nRainer Weiss: born 1932\, Berlin\, 
 Germany.\nBarry C. Barish: born 1936\, Omaha\, NE\, USA.\nKip S. Thorne: b
 orn 1940\, Logan\, UT\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Weiss
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Kip_Thorne\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Rainer Weiss\, Barry C. Barish\, and Kip S. Thorn
 e
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2017-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20171002
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20171003
DESCRIPTION:Jeffrey Connor Hall is an American geneticist and chronobiologi
 st. Hall is Professor Emeritus of Biology at Brandeis University and curre
 ntly resides in Cambridge\, Maine.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Med
 icine 2017\, announced October 2\, 2017.\nJeffrey C. Hall\, Michael Rosbas
 h\, and Michael W. Young\, “for their discoveries of molecular mechanism
 s controlling the circadian rhythm”.\nJeffrey C. Hall: born 1945\, New Y
 ork\, NY\, USA.\nMichael Rosbash: born 1944\, Kansas City\, MO\, USA.\nMic
 hael W. Young: born 1949\, Miami\, FL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Jeffrey_C._Hall\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rosbash\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Young\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Jeffrey C. Hall\, Michael Rosbash\, and Michael W.
  Young
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20181004
DESCRIPTION:Frances Hamilton Arnold is an American chemical engineer and No
 bel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering\,
  Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology
  (Caltech). In 2018\, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pio
 neering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Chemistry 2018\, announced October 3\, 2018.\nFrances H. Arnold (1/
 2)\, “for the directed evolution of enzymes”.\nGeorge P. Smith (1/4)\,
  “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies”.\nSir Gregory P. W
 inter (1/4)\, “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies”.\nFra
 nces H. Arnold: born 1956\, Pittsburgh\, PA\, USA.\nGeorge P. Smith: born 
 1941\, Norwalk\, CT\, USA.\nSir Gregory P. Winter: born 1951\, Leicester\,
  United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Gregory_Winter\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Frances H. Arnold\, George P. Smith\, and Sir Gre
 gory P. Winter
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181001
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20181002
DESCRIPTION:William Dawbney Nordhaus is an American economist. He was a Ste
 rling Professor of Economics at Yale University\, best known for his work 
 in economic modeling and climate change\, and a co-recipient of the 2018 N
 obel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Nordhaus received the prize "for
  integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis".\n\nThe 
 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 201
 8\, announced October 1\, 2018.\nWilliam D. Nordhaus (1/2)\, “for integr
 ating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis”.\nPaul M. Rom
 er (1/2)\, “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macr
 oeconomic analysis”.\nWilliam D. Nordhaus: born 1941\, Albuquerque\, NM\
 , USA.\nPaul M. Romer: born 1955\, Denver\, CO\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/William_Nordhaus\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Romer\n\
 nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · William D. Nordhaus and Paul M. Romer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191011
DESCRIPTION:Olga Nawoja Tokarczuk is a Polish writer\, activist\, and publi
 c intellectual.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2018\, announced October 
 10\, 2019.\nOlga Tokarczuk\, “for a narrative imagination that with ency
 clopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life
 ”.\nOlga Tokarczuk: born 1962\, Sulechów\, Poland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe
 dia.org/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Olga Tokarczuk
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20181006
DESCRIPTION:Denis Mukwege is a Congolese humanitarian\, gynecologist and Pe
 ntecostal pastor. He founded and works in Panzi Hospital in Bukavu\, where
  he specializes in the treatment of women who have been raped. In 2018\, M
 ukwege and Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Nadia Murad were jointly awa
 rded the Nobel Peace Prize for "their efforts to end the use of sexual vio
 lence as a weapon of war and armed conflict".\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 201
 8\, announced October 5\, 2018.\nDenis Mukwege and Nadia Murad\, “for th
 eir efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed
  conflict”.\nDenis Mukwege: born 1955\, Bukavu\, Belgian Congo (now Demo
 cratic Republic of the Congo).\nNadia Murad: born 1993\, Kojo\, Iraq.\n\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mukwege\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Nadia_Murad\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181002
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20181003
DESCRIPTION:Arthur Ashkin was an American scientist and Nobel laureate who 
 worked at Bell Labs. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of o
 ptical tweezers\,\nfor which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 201
 8 at age 96\, becoming the oldest Nobel laureate until 2019 when John B. G
 oodenough was awarded at 97. He resided in Rumson\, New Jersey.\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Physics 2018\, announced October 2\, 2018.\nArthur Ashkin (1/2
 )\, “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological system
 s”.\nGérard Mourou (1/4)\, “for their method of generating high-inten
 sity\, ultra-short optical pulses”.\nDonna Strickland (1/4)\, “for the
 ir method of generating high-intensity\, ultra-short optical pulses”.\nA
 rthur Ashkin: born 1922\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nGérard Mourou: born 1944\
 , Albertville\, France.\nDonna Strickland: born 1959\, Guelph\, Canada.\n\
 nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik
 i/Gérard_Mourou\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Strickland\n\nData: 
 the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Arthur Ashkin\, Gérard Mourou\, and Donna Strick
 land
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2018-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181001
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20181002
DESCRIPTION:James Patrick Allison is an American immunologist and Nobel lau
 reate who holds the position of professor and chair of immunology and exec
 utive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center 
 in Houston\, Texas. Allison is Regental Professor and Founding-Director of
  James P. Allison Institute at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.\n\nThe Nobel
  Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018\, announced October 1\, 2018.\nJames
  P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo\, “for their discovery of cancer therapy by
  inhibition of negative immune regulation”.\nJames P. Allison: born 1948
 \, Alice\, TX\, USA.\nTasuku Honjo: born 1942\, Kyoto\, Japan.\n\nhttps://
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Allison\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasu
 ku_Honjo\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191010
DESCRIPTION:John Bannister Goodenough was an American materials scientist\,
  a solid-state physicist\, and a Nobel laureate in chemistry. From 1986 he
  was a professor of Materials Science\, Electrical Engineering and Mechani
 cal Engineering\, at the University of Texas at Austin. He is credited wit
 h\nidentifying the Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the magnetic
  superexchange in materials\, with developing materials for computer rando
 m-access magnetic memory and with inventing cathode materials for lithium-
 ion batteries.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019\, announced October 9\
 , 2019.\nJohn B. Goodenough\, M. Stanley Whittingham\, and Akira Yoshino\,
  “for the development of lithium-ion batteries”.\nJohn B. Goodenough: 
 born 1922\, Jena\, Germany.\nM. Stanley Whittingham: born 1941\, United Ki
 ngdom.\nAkira Yoshino: born 1948\, Suita\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Stanley_Whit
 tingham\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Yoshino\n\nData: the Nobel Fo
 undation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · John B. Goodenough\, M. Stanley Whittingham\, and
  Akira Yoshino
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191015
DESCRIPTION:Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee is an Indian American economist who is
  currently the Lemann Foundation Professor in Economics at the University 
 of Zurich (UZH). He is co-founder and co-director of the Abdul Latif Jamee
 l Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)\, an MIT based global research center promoti
 ng the use of scientific evidence to inform poverty alleviation strategies
 . In 2019\, Banerjee shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 
 with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer\, "for their experimental approach to
  alleviating global poverty." He and Esther Duflo are married\, and became
  the sixth married couple to jointly win a Nobel or Nobel Memorial Prize o
 n economic sciences.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences i
 n Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019\, announced October 14\, 2019.\nAbhijit Bane
 rjee\, Esther Duflo\, and Michael Kremer\, “for their experimental appro
 ach to alleviating global poverty”.\nAbhijit Banerjee: born 1961\, Mumba
 i\, India.\nEsther Duflo: born 1972\, Paris\, France.\nMichael Kremer: bor
 n 1964\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijit_Ban
 erjee\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Duflo\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or
 g/wiki/Michael_Kremer\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Abhijit Banerjee\, Esther Duflo\, and Michael Kre
 mer
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191011
DESCRIPTION:Peter Handke is an Austrian novelist\, playwright\, translator\
 , poet\, film director\, and screenwriter. He was awarded the 2019 Nobel P
 rize in Literature "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity
  has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience." Hand
 ke is considered to be one of the most influential and original German-lan
 guage writers in the second half of the 20th century.\n\nThe Nobel Prize i
 n Literature 2019\, announced October 10\, 2019.\nPeter Handke\, “for an
  influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the peripher
 y and the specificity of human experience”.\nPeter Handke: born 1942\, G
 riffen\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Handke\n\nData: t
 he Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Peter Handke
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191012
DESCRIPTION:Abiy Ahmed Ali is an Ethiopian politician and former military o
 fficer who is the current prime minister of Ethiopia since 2018. He is als
 o the leader of the Prosperity Party since 2019.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 
 2019\, announced October 11\, 2019.\nAbiy Ahmed Ali\, “for his efforts t
 o achieve peace and international cooperation\, and in particular for his 
 decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritr
 ea”.\nAbiy Ahmed Ali: born 1976\, Beshasha\, Ethiopia.\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Abiy Ahmed Ali
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191009
DESCRIPTION:Phillip James Edwin Peebles is a Canadian-American astrophysici
 st\, astronomer\, and theoretical cosmologist who gained the Albert Einste
 in Professorship in Science\, emeritus\, at Princeton University. He is wi
 dely regarded as one of the world's leading theoretical cosmologists in th
 e period since 1970\, with major theoretical contributions to primordial n
 ucleosynthesis\, dark matter\, the cosmic microwave background\, and struc
 ture formation.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2019\, announced October 8\,
  2019.\nJames Peebles (1/2)\, “for theoretical discoveries in physical c
 osmology”.\nMichel Mayor (1/4)\, “for the discovery of an exoplanet or
 biting a solar-type star”.\nDidier Queloz (1/4)\, “for the discovery o
 f an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”.\nJames Peebles: born 1935\, 
 Winnipeg\, Canada.\nMichel Mayor: born 1942\, Lausanne\, Switzerland.\nDid
 ier Queloz: born 1966\, Geneva\, Switzerland.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Jim_Peebles\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Mayor\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Queloz\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · James Peebles\, Michel Mayor\, and Didier Queloz
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2019-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20191007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20191008
DESCRIPTION:William G. Kaelin Jr. is an American Nobel laureate physician-s
 cientist. He is a professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana
 –Farber Cancer Institute where his laboratory studies tumor suppressor p
 roteins.\nHe is the recipient of numerous awards including the Albert Lask
 er Award for Basic Medical Research and the AACR Princess Takamatsu Award\
 n. In 2019 he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in with Peter 
 J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for their work on how cells sense and ad
 apt to oxygen availability.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2
 019\, announced October 7\, 2019.\nWilliam G. Kaelin Jr\, Sir Peter J. Rat
 cliffe\, and Gregg L. Semenza\, “for their discoveries of how cells sens
 e and adapt to oxygen availability”.\nWilliam G. Kaelin Jr: born 1957\, 
 New York\, NY\, USA.\nSir Peter J. Ratcliffe: born 1954\, Lancashire\, Uni
 ted Kingdom.\nGregg L. Semenza: born 1956\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps:
 //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Peter_J._Ratcliffe\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · William G. Kaelin Jr\, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe\, an
 d Gregg L. Semenza
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201008
DESCRIPTION:Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier is a French academic\, microbiolog
 ist\, geneticist\, and biochemist. She has served as a director at the Max
  Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin since 2015. Three years 
 later\, she founded an independent research institute\, the Max Planck Uni
 t for the Science of Pathogens. In 2020\, Charpentier and American biochem
 ist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California\, Berkeley\, were awar
 ded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for geno
 me editing". This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women 
 only.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020\, announced October 7\, 2020.\n
 Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna\, “for the development of 
 a method for genome editing”.\nEmmanuelle Charpentier: born 1968\, Juvis
 y-sur-Orge\, France.\nJennifer A. Doudna: born 1964\, Washington\, D.C.\, 
 USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201013
DESCRIPTION:Paul Robert Milgrom is an American economist. He is the Shirley
  and Leonard Ely Professor of Humanities and Sciences at the Stanford Univ
 ersity School of Humanities and Sciences\, a position he has held since 19
 87. He is a professor in the Stanford School of Engineering as well and a 
 Senior Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Research. Milgrom is 
 an expert in game theory\, specifically auction theory and pricing strateg
 ies. He is the winner of the 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science
 s\, together with Robert B. Wilson\, "for improvements to auction theory a
 nd inventions of new auction formats".\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in E
 conomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020\, announced October 12\, 2
 020.\nPaul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson\, “for improvements to auctio
 n theory and inventions of new auction formats”.\nPaul R. Milgrom: born 
 1948\, Detroit\, MI\, USA.\nRobert B. Wilson: born 1937\, Geneva\, NE\, US
 A.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Milgrom\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org
 /wiki/Robert_B._Wilson\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201009
DESCRIPTION:Louise Elisabeth Glück was an American poet and essayist. She 
 won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature\, whose judges praised "her unmista
 kable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence uni
 versal". Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize\, National Humanities
  Medal\, National Book Award\, National Book Critics Circle Award\, and Bo
 llingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004\, she was Poet Laureate of the United Sta
 tes.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2020\, announced October 8\, 2020.\n
 Louise Glück\, “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere bea
 uty makes individual existence universal”.\nLouise Glück: born 1943\, N
 ew York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Glück\n\nData
 : the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Louise Glück
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201010
DESCRIPTION:The World Food Programme (WFP) is an international organization
  within the United Nations (UN) that provides food assistance worldwide. I
 t is the world's largest humanitarian organization and the leading provide
 r of school meals. Founded in 1961\, WFP is headquartered in Rome and has 
 offices in 87 countries. In 2023 it supported over 152 million people\, an
 d it is present in more than 120 countries and territories.\n\nThe Nobel P
 eace Prize 2020\, announced October 9\, 2020.\nWorld Food Programme\, “f
 or its efforts to combat hunger\, for its contribution to bettering condit
 ions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving forc
 e in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict
 ”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme\n\nData: the No
 bel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · World Food Programme
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201007
DESCRIPTION:Sir Roger Penrose is an English mathematician\, mathematical ph
 ysicist\, and philosopher of science. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor 
 of Mathematics at the University of Oxford\, an emeritus fellow of Wadham 
 College\, Oxford\, and an honorary fellow of St John's College\, Cambridge
 \, and University College London. He shared the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics
  with Stephen Hawking for the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems\, and
  the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery that black hole format
 ion is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity". He propos
 ed the Penrose triangle and corresponded with M. C. Escher\, influencing h
 is Waterfall and Ascending and Descending. Penrose's eponymous aperiodic t
 iling presaged Dan Shechtman's discovery of quasicrystals.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Physics 2020\, announced October 6\, 2020.\nRoger Penrose (1/2)\, 
 “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of t
 he general theory of relativity”.\nReinhard Genzel (1/4)\, “for the di
 scovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy”.\n
 Andrea Ghez (1/4)\, “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object 
 at the centre of our galaxy”.\nRoger Penrose: born 1931\, Colchester\, U
 nited Kingdom.\nReinhard Genzel: born 1952\, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe\, G
 ermany.\nAndrea Ghez: born 1965\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikip
 edia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez\n\nData: the Nobel Foundati
 on (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Roger Penrose\, Reinhard Genzel\, and Andrea Ghez
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2020-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20201006
DESCRIPTION:Harvey James Alter is an American medical researcher\, virologi
 st\, physician and Nobel Prize laureate\, who is best known for his work t
 hat led to the discovery of the hepatitis C virus. Alter is the former chi
 ef of the infectious disease section and the associate director for resear
 ch of the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the Warren Grant Magnuson 
 Clinical Center in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda\, M
 aryland. In the mid-1970s\, Alter and his research team demonstrated that 
 most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to hepatitis A or hepat
 itis B viruses. Working independently\, Alter and Edward Tabor\, a scienti
 st at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration\, proved through transmission 
 studies in chimpanzees that a new form of hepatitis\, initially called "no
 n-A\, non-B hepatitis" caused the infections\, and that the causative agen
 t was probably a virus. This work eventually led to the discovery of the h
 epatitis C virus in 1988\, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiolo
 gy or Medicine in 2020 along with Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice.\n\
 nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020\, announced October 5\, 20
 20.\nHarvey J. Alter\, Michael Houghton\, and Charles M. Rice\, “for the
  discovery of Hepatitis C virus”.\nHarvey J. Alter: born 1935\, New York
 \, NY\, USA.\nMichael Houghton: born 1949\, United Kingdom.\nCharles M. Ri
 ce: born 1952\, Sacramento\, CA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha
 rvey_J._Alter\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Rice\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Harvey J. Alter\, Michael Houghton\, and Charles M
 . Rice
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211007
DESCRIPTION:Benjamin List is a German chemist who is one of the directors o
 f the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research and professor of organic chem
 istry at the University of Cologne. He co-developed organocatalysis\, a me
 thod of accelerating chemical reactions and making them more efficient. He
  shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with David MacMillan "for the de
 velopment of asymmetric organocatalysis".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 
 2021\, announced October 6\, 2021.\nBenjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan
 \, “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”.\nBenjamin List
 : born 1968\, Frankfurt-on-the-Main\, Germany.\nDavid W.C. MacMillan: born
  1968\, Bellshill\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benja
 min_List\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_MacMillan\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211012
DESCRIPTION:David Edward Card is a Canadian-American labour economist and t
 he Class of 1950 Professor of Economics at the University of California\, 
 Berkeley\, where he has been since 1997. He was awarded half of the 2021 N
 obel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirical contributions 
 to labour economics"\, with Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens jointly awarde
 d the other half.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in M
 emory of Alfred Nobel 2021\, announced October 11\, 2021.\nDavid Card (1/2
 )\, “for his empirical contributions to labour economics”.\nJoshua D. 
 Angrist (1/4)\, “for their methodological contributions to the analysis 
 of causal relationships”.\nGuido W. Imbens (1/4)\, “for their methodol
 ogical contributions to the analysis of causal relationships”.\nDavid Ca
 rd: born 1956\, Guelph\, Canada.\nJoshua D. Angrist: born 1960\, Columbus\
 , OH\, USA.\nGuido W. Imbens: born 1963\, Geldrop\, the Netherlands.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh
 ua_Angrist\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Imbens\n\nData: the Nobel 
 Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · David Card\, Joshua D. Angrist\, and Guido W. Imb
 ens
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211008
DESCRIPTION:Abdulrazak Gurnah is a Tanzanian novelist and academic of Yemen
 i origin. He was born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar and moved to the United
  Kingdom in the 1960s as a refugee during the Zanzibar Revolution. His nov
 els include Paradise (1994)\, which was shortlisted for both the Booker an
 d the Whitbread Prize\; By the Sea (2001)\, which was longlisted for the B
 ooker and shortlisted for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize\; and Desertion
  (2005)\, shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize.\n\nThe Nobel Pr
 ize in Literature 2021\, announced October 7\, 2021.\nAbdulrazak Gurnah\, 
 “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of 
 colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and c
 ontinents”.\nAbdulrazak Gurnah: born 1948.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w
 iki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Abdulrazak Gurnah
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211009
DESCRIPTION:Maria Angelita Ressa is a Filipino and American journalist and 
 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. She is the co-founder and CEO of Rappler. She 
 previously spent nearly two decades working as a lead investigative report
 er in Southeast Asia for CNN. She has been a distinguished fellow at Colum
 bia University's new Institute of Global Politics since 2023 and a profess
 or of professional practice in Columbia's School of International and Publ
 ic Affairs since July 2024.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2021\, announced Octo
 ber 8\, 2021.\nMaria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov\, “for their efforts to sa
 feguard freedom of expression\, which is a precondition for democracy and 
 lasting peace”.\nMaria Ressa: born 1963\, Manila\, Philippines.\nDmitry 
 Muratov: born 1961\, Kubyshev\, USSR (now Samara\, Russia).\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Murat
 ov\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211006
DESCRIPTION:Syukuro "Suki" Manabe  is a Japanese–American physicist\, met
 eorologist\, and climatologist\, who pioneered the use of computers to sim
 ulate global climate change and natural climate variations. He was awarded
  the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio
  Parisi\, for his contributions to the physical modeling of Earth's climat
 e\, quantifying its variability\, and predictions of climate change.\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Physics 2021\, announced October 5\, 2021.\nSyukuro Manab
 e (1/4)\, “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate\, quantifying
  variability and reliably predicting global warming”.\nKlaus Hasselmann 
 (1/4)\, “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate\, quantifying v
 ariability and reliably predicting global warming”.\nGiorgio Parisi (1/2
 )\, “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in 
 physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”.\nSyukuro Manabe: born
  1931\, Shingu\, Ehime\, Japan.\nKlaus Hasselmann: born 1931\, Hamburg\, G
 ermany.\nGiorgio Parisi: born 1948\, Rome\, Italy.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation
  (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Syukuro Manabe\, Klaus Hasselmann\, and Giorgio P
 arisi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2021-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20211004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20211005
DESCRIPTION:David Jay Julius is an American physiologist and Nobel Prize la
 ureate known for his work on molecular mechanisms of pain sensation and he
 at\, including the characterization of the TRPV1 and TRPM8 receptors that 
 detect capsaicin\, menthol\, and temperature. He is a professor at the Uni
 versity of California\, San Francisco.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or
  Medicine 2021\, announced October 4\, 2021.\nDavid Julius and Ardem Patap
 outian\, “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
 ”.\nDavid Julius: born 1955\, New York\, NY\, USA.\nArdem Patapoutian: b
 orn 1967\, Beirut\, Lebanon.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Julius
 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20221005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20221006
DESCRIPTION:Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi is an American chemist and Nobel laureate
 \, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. Sh
 e coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compati
 ble with living systems\, and is a major figure in the field of glycobiolo
 gy\, the study of structural carbohydates or glycans. Her work focuses on 
 developing tools of analytical chemistry to study glycans and their role i
 n diseases such as cancer\, inflammation\, and viral infections like COVID
 -19. At Stanford University\, she holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Pro
 fessorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences. Bertozzi is also an I
 nvestigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and is the forme
 r director of the Molecular Foundry\, a nanoscience research center at Law
 rence Berkeley National Laboratory. Since 2024\, she has served as a scien
 tific advisory board member of Arc Institute.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemis
 try 2022\, announced October 5\, 2022.\nCarolyn Bertozzi\, Morten Meldal\,
  and K. Barry Sharpless\, “for the development of click chemistry and bi
 oorthogonal chemistry”.\nCarolyn Bertozzi: born 1966\, Boston\, MA\, USA
 .\nMorten Meldal: born 1954\, Copenhagen\, Denmark.\nK. Barry Sharpless: b
 orn 1941\, Philadelphia\, PA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol
 yn_R._Bertozzi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal\nhttps://en
 .wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Carolyn Bertozzi\, Morten Meldal\, and K. Barry S
 harpless
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20111010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20111011
DESCRIPTION:Ben Shalom Bernanke is an American economist who served as the 
 14th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014. After leaving the 
 Federal Reserve\, he was appointed a distinguished fellow at the Brookings
  Institution. During his tenure as chairman\, Bernanke oversaw the Federal
  Reserve's response to the 2008 financial crisis\, for which he was named 
 the 2009 Time Person of the Year. Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman
 \, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired th
 e Department of Economics there from 1996 to September 2002\, when he went
  on public service leave. Bernanke was awarded the 2022 Nobel Memorial Pri
 ze in Economic Sciences\, jointly with Douglas Diamond and Philip H. Dybvi
 g\, "for research on banks and financial crises"\, more specifically for h
 is analysis of the Great Depression.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Eco
 nomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2022\, announced October 10\, 201
 1.\nBen Bernanke\, Douglas Diamond\, and Philip Dybvig\, “for research o
 n banks and financial crises”.\nBen Bernanke: born 1953\, Augusta\, GA\,
  USA.\nDouglas Diamond: born 1953\, Chicago\, IL\, USA.\nPhilip Dybvig: bo
 rn 1955\, Gainesville\, FL\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ber
 nanke\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Diamond\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Ben Bernanke\, Douglas Diamond\, and Philip Dybvi
 g
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20221006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20221007
DESCRIPTION:Annie Thérèse Blanche Ernaux is a French writer who was award
 ed the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the courage and clinical acuity
  with which she uncovers the roots\, estrangements\, and collective restra
 ints of personal memory". Her literary work\, mostly autobiographical\, ma
 intains close links with sociology.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2022\
 , announced October 6\, 2022.\nAnnie Ernaux\, “for the courage and clini
 cal acuity with which she uncovers the roots\, estrangements and  collecti
 ve restraints of personal memory”.\nAnnie Ernaux: born 1940\, Lillebonne
 \, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Ernaux\n\nData: the Nobe
 l Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Annie Ernaux
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20221007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20221008
DESCRIPTION:Ales Viktaravich Bialiatski is a Belarusian human rights defend
 er\, pro-democracy activist\, and writer. He is chair of the Viasna Human 
 Rights Centre. He was held as a prisoner of conscience. An activist for Be
 larusian independence and democracy since the early 1980s\, Bialiatski is 
 a founding member of Viasna and the Belarusian Popular Front\, serving as 
 leader of the latter from 1996 to 1999. He is also a member of the Coordin
 ation Council of the Belarusian opposition. He has been called "a pillar o
 f the human rights movement in Eastern Europe" by The New York Times\, and
  recognised as a prominent pro-democracy activist in Belarus.\n\nThe Nobel
  Peace Prize 2022\, announced October 7\, 2022.\nAles Bialiatski\, Memoria
 l\, and Center for Civil Liberties\, “The Peace Prize laureates represen
 t civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted
  the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citize
 ns. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes\, human ri
 ght abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significa
 nce of civil society for peace and democracy.”.\nAles Bialiatski: born 1
 962\, Vyartsilya\, Karelia\, Russia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ales
 _Bialiatski\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_(society)\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_for_Civil_Liberties\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Ales Bialiatski\, Memorial\, and Center for Civil 
 Liberties
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20221004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20221005
DESCRIPTION:Alain Jean Aspect is a French physicist noted for his experimen
 tal work on quantum entanglement. Aspect's experiment (1980–1982) bears 
 his name.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2022\, announced October 4\, 2022.
 \nAlain Aspect\, John Clauser\, and Anton Zeilinger\, “for experiments w
 ith entangled photons\, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities an
 d  pioneering quantum information science”.\nAlain Aspect: born 1947\, A
 gen\, France.\nJohn Clauser: born 1942\, Pasadena\, CA\, USA.\nAnton Zeili
 nger: born 1945\, Ried im Innkreis\, Austria.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/
 wiki/Alain_Aspect\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clauser\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Alain Aspect\, John Clauser\, and Anton Zeilinger
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2022-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20221003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20221004
DESCRIPTION:Svante Pääbo is a Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate who s
 pecialises in the field of evolutionary genetics. As one of the founders o
 f paleogenetics\, he has worked extensively on the Neanderthal genome. In 
 1997\, he became founding director of the Department of Genetics at the Ma
 x Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig\, Germany. Sin
 ce 1999\, he has been an honorary professor at Leipzig University\; he cur
 rently teaches molecular evolutionary biology at the university. He is als
 o an adjunct professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology\, Ja
 pan.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022\, announced October
  3\, 2022.\nSvante Pääbo\, “for his discoveries concerning the genomes
  of extinct hominins and human evolution”.\nSvante Pääbo: born 1955\, 
 Stockholm\, Sweden.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Pääbo\n\nDat
 a: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Svante Pääbo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231004
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231005
DESCRIPTION:Moungi Gabriel Bawendi is an American chemist. He is currently 
 the Lester Wolfe Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. B
 awendi is known for his advances in the chemical production of high-qualit
 y quantum dots. For this work\, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistr
 y in 2023.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023\, announced October 4\, 20
 23.\nMoungi Bawendi\, Louis Brus\, and Aleksey Yekimov \, “for the disco
 very and synthesis of quantum dots”.\nMoungi Bawendi: born 1961\, Paris\
 , France.\nLouis Brus: born 1943\, Cleveland\, OH\, USA.\nAleksey Yekimov 
 : born 1945\, Leningrad\, USSR (now St. Petersburg\, Russia).\n\nhttps://e
 n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_E
 ._Brus\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Ekimov\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Moungi Bawendi\, Louis Brus\, and Aleksey Yekimov
  
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231010
DESCRIPTION:Claudia Dale Goldin is an American economic historian and labor
  economist. She is the Henry Lee Professor of Economics at Harvard Univers
 ity. In October 2023\, she was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economi
 c Sciences "for having advanced our understanding of women's labor market 
 outcomes". The third woman to win the award\, she was the first woman to w
 in the award solo.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in 
 Memory of Alfred Nobel 2023\, announced October 9\, 2023.\nClaudia Goldin\
 , “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outc
 omes”.\nClaudia Goldin: born 1946\, New York\, NY\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.w
 ikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Claudia Goldin
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231006
DESCRIPTION:Jon Olav Fosse is a Norwegian author\, translator\, and playwri
 ght. He was awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his innovative
  plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable."\n\nThe Nobel Prize in
  Literature 2023\, announced October 5\, 2023.\nJon Fosse\, “for his inn
 ovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”.\nJon Fosse: 
 born 1959\, Haugesund\, Norway.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Fosse
 \n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Jon Fosse
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231007
DESCRIPTION:Narges Mohammadi is an Iranian human rights activist and Nobel 
 Peace Prize laureate. Between 1998 and October 2023\, Mohammadi was arrest
 ed 13 times and sentenced to 31 years in prison and 154 lashes. She has be
 en the recipient of many human rights awards. In October 2023\, while in p
 rison\, she was awarded the 2023 Nobel Peace Prize "for her fight against 
 the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and 
 freedom for all".\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2023\, announced October 6\, 20
 23.\nNarges Mohammadi\, “for her fight against the oppression of women i
 n Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”.\nNarg
 es Mohammadi: born 1972\, Zanjan\, Iran.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Narges_Mohammadi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Narges Mohammadi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231003
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231004
DESCRIPTION:Pierre Agostini is a French experimental physicist and Emeritus
  professor at the Ohio State University in the United States\, known for h
 is pioneering work in strong-field laser physics and attosecond science. H
 e is especially known for the observation of above-threshold ionization an
 d the invention of the reconstruction of attosecond beating by interferenc
 e of two-photon transitions (RABBITT) technique for characterization of at
 tosecond light pulses. He was jointly awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Phys
 ics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2023\, announced October 3\, 2023.\nPie
 rre Agostini\, Ferenc Krausz\, and Anne L’Huillier\, “for experimental
  methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electro
 n dynamics in matter”.\nPierre Agostini: born 1941\, Tunis\, French prot
 ectorate of Tunisia (now Tunisia).\nFerenc Krausz: born 1962\, Mór\, Hung
 ary.\nAnne L’Huillier: born 1958\, Paris\, France.\n\nhttps://en.wikiped
 ia.org/wiki/Pierre_Agostini\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier\n\nData: the Nobel Foundat
 ion (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Pierre Agostini\, Ferenc Krausz\, and Anne L’Hu
 illier
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2023-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231002
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231003
DESCRIPTION:Katalin "Kati" Karikó is a Hungarian and American biochemist w
 ho specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms\, particularl
 y in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therap
 y. Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines\, overcoming m
 ajor obstacles and skepticism in the scientific community. Karikó receive
 d the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for her work\, along w
 ith American immunologist Drew Weissman.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology 
 or Medicine 2023\, announced October 2\, 2023.\nKatalin Karikó and Drew W
 eissman\, “for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modification
 s that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
 ”.\nKatalin Karikó: born 1955\, Szolnok\, Hungary.\nDrew Weissman: born
  1959\, Lexington\, MA\, USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kar
 ikó\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman\n\nData: the Nobel Found
 ation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241010
DESCRIPTION:David Baker is an American biochemist and computational biologi
 st who has pioneered methods to design proteins and predict their three-di
 mensional structures. He is the Henrietta and Aubrey Davis Endowed Profess
 or in Biochemistry\, an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Instit
 ute\, and an adjunct professor of genome sciences\, bioengineering\, chemi
 cal engineering\, computer science\, and physics at the University of Wash
 ington. He was awarded the shared 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his wo
 rk on computational protein design.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024\,
  announced October 9\, 2024.\nDavid Baker (1/2)\, “for computational pro
 tein design”.\nDemis Hassabis (1/4)\, “for protein structure predictio
 n”.\nJohn Jumper (1/4)\, “for protein structure prediction”.\nDavid 
 Baker: born 1962\, Seattle\, WA\, USA.\nDemis Hassabis: born 1976\, London
 \, United Kingdom.\nJohn Jumper: born 1985\, Little Rock\, AR\, USA.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia
 .org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Jumper\n\n
 Data: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · David Baker\, Demis Hassabis\, and John Jumper
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241014
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241015
DESCRIPTION:Kamer Daron Acemoğlu is a Turkish-American economist of Armeni
 an descent who has been at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since
  1993\, where he is currently the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of
  Economics. He was named an Institute Professor at MIT in 2019. His primar
 y research fields include political economy\, development economics\, and 
 labor economics. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 2005\, and the 
 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2024.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksban
 k Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024\, announced Oc
 tober 14\, 2024.\nDaron Acemoglu\, Simon Johnson\, and James A. Robinson\,
  “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity”.\n
 Daron Acemoglu: born 1967\, Istanbul\, Turkey.\nSimon Johnson: born 1963\,
  Sheffield\, United Kingdom.\nJames A. Robinson: born 1960.\n\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Joh
 nson_(economist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Robinson\n\nData:
  the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Daron Acemoglu\, Simon Johnson\, and James A. Rob
 inson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241011
DESCRIPTION:Han Kang is a South Korean writer. From 2007 to 2018\, she taug
 ht creative writing at the Seoul Institute of the Arts. Han rose to intern
 ational prominence for her novel The Vegetarian\, which became the first K
 orean language novel to win the International Booker Prize for fiction in 
 2016. Han is the first Asian woman and Korean to be a recipient of the Nob
 el Prize in Literature\, receiving the award in 2024 in recognition of her
  "intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the f
 ragility of human life".\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2024\, announced
  October 10\, 2024.\nHan Kang\, “for her intense poetic prose that confr
 onts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life”.\nHan K
 ang: born 1970\, Gwangju\, South Korea.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
 an_Kang\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Han Kang
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241011
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241012
DESCRIPTION:The Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization
 s\, often shortened to Nihon Hidankyō \, is a group that represents survi
 vors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was formed in 19
 56.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Prize 2024\, announced October 11\, 2024.\nNihon Hi
 dankyo\, “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and
  for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must nev
 er be used again”.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Confederation_
 of_A-_and_H-Bomb_Sufferers_Organizations\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC
 0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Nihon Hidankyo
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241009
DESCRIPTION:John Joseph Hopfield is an American physicist and emeritus prof
 essor of Princeton University\, most widely known for his study of associa
 tive neural networks in 1982. He is known for the development of the Hopfi
 eld network. Before its invention\, research in artificial intelligence (A
 I) was in a decay period or AI winter\, Hopfield's work revitalized large-
 scale interest in this field.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2024\, announc
 ed October 8\, 2024.\nJohn J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton\, “for founda
 tional discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artifi
 cial neural networks”.\nJohn J. Hopfield: born 1933\, Chicago\, IL\, USA
 .\nGeoffrey Hinton: born 1947\, London\, United Kingdom.\n\nhttps://en.wik
 ipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hint
 on\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2024-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20241007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20241008
DESCRIPTION:Victor Robert Ambros is an American developmental biologist\, w
 ho discovered the first known microRNA (miRNA). He is a professor at the U
 Mass Chan Medical School. He completed both his undergraduate and doctoral
  studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ambros received the
  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024 for his research on microRN
 A.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024\, announced October 7
 \, 2024.\nVictor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun\, “for the discovery of microRNA
  and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation”.\nVictor Ambros: 
 born 1953\, Hanover\, NH\, USA.\nGary Ruvkun: born 1952\, Berkeley\, CA\, 
 USA.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ambros\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2025-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251009
DESCRIPTION:Susumu Kitagawa   is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning chemist spe
 cializing in coordination chemistry\, with a focus on organic–inorganic 
 hybrid compounds and the chemical and physical properties of porous coordi
 nation polymers\, particularly metal-organic frameworks. He is Distinguish
 ed Professor at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material 
 Sciences (iCeMS)\, which he co-founded. In 2025\, he was awarded the Nobel
  Prize in Chemistry jointly with Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025\, announced October 8\, 2025.\nSusumu Kitaga
 wa\, Richard Robson\, and Omar M. Yaghi\, “for the development of metal
 –organic frameworks”.\nSusumu Kitagawa: born 1951\, Kyoto\, Japan.\nRi
 chard Robson: born 1937\, Glusburn\, United Kingdom.\nOmar M. Yaghi: born 
 1965\, Amman\, Jordan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Kitagawa\nh
 ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robson_(chemist)\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Susumu Kitagawa\, Richard Robson\, and Omar M. Ya
 ghi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2025-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251013
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251014
DESCRIPTION:Joel Mokyr is an American and Israeli economic historian and th
 e Robert H. Strotz Professor of Arts and Sciences at Northwestern Universi
 ty. He is also a senior adjunct professor at the Eitan Berglas School of E
 conomics at Tel Aviv University. He was awarded half a share of the Nobel 
 Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2025 "for having identified the pre
 requisites for sustained growth through technological progress."\n\nThe Sv
 eriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2025\
 , announced October 13\, 2025.\nJoel Mokyr (1/2)\, “for having identifie
 d the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress”
 .\nPhilippe Aghion (1/4)\, “for the theory of sustained growth through c
 reative destruction”.\nPeter Howitt (1/4)\, “for the theory of sustain
 ed growth through creative destruction”.\nJoel Mokyr: born 1946\, Leiden
 \, the Netherlands.\nPhilippe Aghion: born 1956\, Paris\, France.\nPeter H
 owitt: born 1946\, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mokyr\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Aghion\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 /Peter Howitt_(economist)\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Joel Mokyr\, Philippe Aghion\, and Peter Howitt
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2025-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251010
DESCRIPTION:László Krasznahorkai is a Hungarian writer\, novelist and scr
 eenwriter. Krasznahorkai is known for his difficult and demanding novels\,
  often labeled postmodern\, which explore dystopian and melancholic themes
 . Several of his works\, including his novels Satantango (1985) and The Me
 lancholy of Resistance (1989)\, have been adapted into feature films by th
 e director Béla Tarr.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2025\, announced O
 ctober 9\, 2025.\nLászló Krasznahorkai\, “for his compelling and visio
 nary oeuvre that\, in the midst of apocalyptic terror\, reaffirms the powe
 r of art”.\nLászló Krasznahorkai: born 1954\, Gyula\, Hungary.\n\nhttp
 s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/László_Krasznahorkai\n\nData: the Nobel Founda
 tion (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · László Krasznahorkai
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013502Z
UID:nobel-2025-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251010
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251011
DESCRIPTION:María Corina Machado Parisca is a Venezuelan politician\, engi
 neer\, activist\, and prominent leader of the opposition to the administra
 tions of Hugo Chávez\, Nicolás Maduro\, and Delcy Rodríguez. She served
  as a member of the National Assembly of Venezuela from 2011 to 2014\, and
  has run as a candidate in presidential elections. She was awarded the 202
 5 Nobel Peace Prize\; she presented the medal to U.S. president Donald Tru
 mp after the 2026 U.S. strikes in Venezuela and capture of Maduro.\n\nThe 
 Nobel Peace Prize 2025\, announced October 10\, 2025.\nMaria Corina Machad
 o\, “for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of
  Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition 
 from dictatorship to democracy”.\nMaria Corina Machado: born 1967\, Vene
 zuela.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Corina_Machado\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Maria Corina Machado
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2025-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251008
DESCRIPTION:John Clarke is a British experimental physicist and Professor E
 meritus at the University of California\, Berkeley. He is known for his va
 rious works on measurement devices based on superconductivity. Steven Girv
 in has called Clarke "the godfather of superconducting electronics."\n\nTh
 e Nobel Prize in Physics 2025\, announced October 7\, 2025.\nJohn Clarke\,
  Michel H. Devoret\, and John M. Martinis\, “for the discovery of macros
 copic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric
  circuit”.\nJohn Clarke: born 1942\, Cambridge\, United Kingdom.\nMichel
  H. Devoret: born 1953\, Paris\, France.\nJohn M. Martinis: born 1958.\n\n
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clarke_(physicist)\nhttps://en.wikipedi
 a.org/wiki/Michel_Devoret\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Martinis\
 n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · John Clarke\, Michel H. Devoret\, and John M. Mar
 tinis
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2025-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20251006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20251007
DESCRIPTION:Mary Elizabeth Brunkow is an American molecular biologist\, imm
 unologist and Nobel Prize laureate. She is known for co-identifying the ge
 ne later named FOXP3 as the cause of the scurfy mouse phenotype\, a findin
 g that became foundational for modern regulatory T cell biology.\n\nThe No
 bel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025\, announced October 6\, 2025.\nMa
 ry E. Brunkow\, Fred Ramsdell\, and Shimon Sakaguchi\, “for their discov
 eries concerning peripheral immune tolerance”.\nMary E. Brunkow: born 19
 61\, Portland\, OR\, USA.\nFred Ramsdell: born 1960\, Elmhurst\, IL\, USA.
 \nShimon Sakaguchi: born 1951\, Nagahama\, Shiga\, Japan.\n\nhttps://en.wi
 kipedia.org/wiki/Mary_E._Brunkow\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ramsd
 ell\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Sakaguchi\n\nData: the Nobel Fou
 ndation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Mary E. Brunkow\, Fred Ramsdell\, and Shimon Sakag
 uchi
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-medicine
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261005
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261006
DESCRIPTION:Karl Alexander Deisseroth is an American scientist and physicia
 n. He is the D.H. Chen Foundation Professor of Bioengineering and a profes
 sor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. He was j
 ointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2026 for his w
 ork in optogenetics.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026\, a
 nnounced October 5\, 2026.\nKarl Deisseroth\, Peter Hegemann\, and Georg N
 agel\, “for their discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and op
 togenetics”.\nKarl Deisseroth: born 1971\, Boston\, MA\, USA.\nPeter Heg
 emann: born 1954\, Münster\, Germany.\nGeorg Nagel: born 1953\, Weingarte
 n\, Germany.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth\nhttps://en.
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hegemann\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Nag
 el\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🩺 Medicine · Karl Deisseroth\, Peter Hegemann\, and Georg Nagel
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-physics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261006
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261007
DESCRIPTION:Francis Louis Halzen is a Belgian-American particle physicist a
 nd Nobel laureate. He is the Hilldale and Gregory Breit Distinguished Prof
 essor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Director of its Institu
 te for Elementary Particle Physics. Halzen is the Principal Investigator o
 f the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Stat
 ion in Antarctica\, the world's largest neutrino detector which has been o
 perational since 2010.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2026\, announced Octo
 ber 6\, 2026.\nFrancis Halzen\, “for decisive contributions to the IceCu
 be Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astr
 ophysical origin”.\nFrancis Halzen: born 1944\, Tienen\, Belgium.\n\nhtt
 ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Halzen\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (C
 C0).
SUMMARY:⚛️ Physics · Francis Halzen
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-chemistry
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261007
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261008
DESCRIPTION:Henri Boris Kagan is currently an emeritus professor at the Uni
 versité Paris-Saclay in France. He is widely recognized as a pioneer in t
 he field of asymmetric catalysis. His discoveries have had far-reaching im
 pacts on the pharmaceutical industry. In 2026\, he was jointly awarded the
  Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kensō Soai "for the discovery of non-linea
 r effects and autocatalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis."\n\n\nThe Nob
 el Prize in Chemistry 2026\, announced October 7\, 2026.\nHenri B. Kagan a
 nd Kenso Soai\, “for the discovery of non-linear effects and autocatalys
 is in asymmetric organic synthesis”.\nHenri B. Kagan: born 1930\, Boulog
 ne-Billancourt\, France.\nKenso Soai: born 1950\, Hiroshima\, Japan.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_B._Kagan\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Kensō_Soai\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🧪 Chemistry · Henri B. Kagan and Kenso Soai
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-literature
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261008
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261009
DESCRIPTION:Anne Patricia Carson is a Canadian poet\, essayist\, translator
 \, classicist\, and professor.\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Literature 2026\, ann
 ounced October 8\, 2026.\nAnne Carson\, “for her bold and inventive oeuv
 re that\, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition\, has created n
 ew forms for contemporary literature”.\nAnne Carson: born 1950\, Toronto
 \, Canada.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Carson\n\nData: the Nobel
  Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📖 Literature · Anne Carson
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-peace
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261009
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261010
DESCRIPTION:Navanethem "Navi" Pillay is a South African jurist who served a
 s the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014.
  A South African of Tamil origin\, Pillay was the first non-white female j
 udge of the High Court of South Africa. She has also served as a judge of 
 the International Criminal Court and President of the International Crimin
 al Tribunal for Rwanda. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2026 for 
 her efforts to promote peace and international law.\n\nThe Nobel Peace Pri
 ze 2026\, announced October 9\, 2026.\nNavi Pillay\, “for her efforts to
  promote peace and international law”.\nNavi Pillay: born 1941\, Durban\
 , South Africa.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Pillay\n\nData: the 
 Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:🕊️ Peace · Navi Pillay
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20261017T013503Z
UID:nobel-2026-economics
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20261012
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261013
DESCRIPTION:Robert Ernest "Bob" Hall is an American economist who serves as
  a professor of economics at Stanford University\, and as the Robert and C
 arole McNeil Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. In 2026\, he receive
 d the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences jointly with Michael Dean 
 Woodford\, for their work on the "microeconomic foundations of macroeconom
 ic stabilisation". He is generally considered a macroeconomist\, but he de
 scribes himself as an applied economist.\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in
  Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2026\, announced October 12\,
  2026.\nRobert E. Hall and Michael Woodford\, “for microeconomic foundat
 ions of macroeconomic stabilisation”.\nRobert E. Hall: born 1943\, Palo 
 Alto\, CA\, USA.\nMichael Woodford: born 1955\, Chicopee\, MA\, USA.\n\nht
 tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)\nhttps://en.wikipedia.
 org/wiki/Michael_Dean_Woodford\n\nData: the Nobel Foundation (CC0).
SUMMARY:📈 Economics · Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR