BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:icalendar-ruby CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-aristotle-q868 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03830101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03210303 DESCRIPTION:Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His wr itings span the natural sciences\, philosophy\, linguistics\, economics\, politics\, psychology\, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic sc hool of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens\, he began the wider Aristoteli an tradition that followed\, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.\n\n384 BC – March 2\, 322 BC\; died at about 62.\nAli ve at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Hippocrates\, Chanakya\, Apel les\, and Plato.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle SUMMARY:Aristotle · 384–322 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-confucius-q4604 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05511003 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04780305 DESCRIPTION:Confucius\, born Kong Qiu\, was a Chinese philosopher of the Sp ring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chin ese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originat es in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachin gs\, called Confucianism\, emphasized personal and governmental morality\, harmonious social relationships\, righteousness\, kindness\, sincerity\, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.\n\nOctober 3\, 552 BC – March 4\, 479 BC\; died at 72.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Sun Tzu\, Pythagoras\, and Aeschylus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Confucius SUMMARY:Confucius · 552–479 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-karl-marx-q9061 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18180505 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18830315 DESCRIPTION:Karl Marx was a German philosopher\, social and political theor ist\, and revolutionary socialist. He developed the theory of historical m aterialism\, analysing societal structure and change\, particularly class struggle under capitalism\, and predicting the system's ultimate replaceme nt by communism. Marx co-authored The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Frie drich Engels\, and undertook a critique of classical political economy in his magnum opus\, Das Kapital (1867–1894). His ideas and their later dev elopment\, collectively known as Marxism\, have had enormous influence on intellectual\, political\, and social history\, and have inspired revoluti onary movements in many countries.\n\nMay 5\, 1818 – March 14\, 1883\; d ied at 64.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Char les Darwin\, Vincent van Gogh\, and Frédéric Chopin.\n\nhttps://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx SUMMARY:Karl Marx · 1818–1883 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-plato-q859 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04280516 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03450101 DESCRIPTION:Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher of Classical Athens who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the Western philos ophical tradition. An innovator of the literary dialogue and dialectic for ms\, Plato influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and pr actical philosophy\, and was the founder of the Academy\, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the collection of philosophical theori es that would later become known as Platonism.\n\nMay 16\, 429 BC – c. 3 50 BC\; died at about 77.\nAlive at the same time as Sophocles\, Hippocrat es\, Thucydides\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik i/Plato SUMMARY:Plato · 429–c. 350 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-socrates-q913 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04690101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03980601 DESCRIPTION:Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher from Classical Athens \, perhaps the first Western moral philosopher\, and a major inspiration o n his student Plato\, who largely founded the tradition of Western philoso phy. An enigmatic figure\, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers\, particularly his st udents Plato and Xenophon. These accounts are written as dialogues\, in wh ich Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of quest ion and answer\; they gave rise to the Socratic dialogue literary genre. C ontradictory accounts of Socrates make a reconstruction of his philosophy nearly impossible\, a situation known as the Socratic problem. Socrates wa s a polarizing figure in Athenian society. In 399 BC\, he was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth. After a trial that lasted a day\, he was sentenced to death. As related by Plato\, he was put to death by administ ration of poison after refusing offers from allies to help him escape.\n\n 470 BC – 399 BC\; died at about 71.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddh a\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, and Plato.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Socrates SUMMARY:Socrates · 470–399 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-friedrich-nietzsche-q9358 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18441015 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19000826 DESCRIPTION:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher and writer who started his career as a classical philologist and turned to philosoph y early in his academic career. In 1869\, at age 24\, he was appointed Pro fessor of Classical Philology at the University of Basel. Plagued by healt h problems for most of his life\, he resigned from the university in 1879. He afterward lived as an independent writer\, spending much of his life i n relative solitude and financial insecurity while moving between Switzerl and\, Italy\, and southern France in search of climates that might allevia te his condition\, and in the following decade\, he completed much of his core writing. In 1889\, aged 44\, he suffered a neurological collapse\, an d thereafter a complete loss of his mental faculties\, with paralysis and vascular dementia\; he lived out his remaining 11 years\, first under the care of his mother\, and later his sister\, until his death. His works and his philosophy have fostered not only extensive scholarship but also much popular interest.\n\nOctober 15\, 1844 – August 25\, 1900\; died at 55. \nAlive at the same time as Adolf Hitler\, Albert Einstein\, Leo Tolstoy\, Vincent van Gogh\, and Karl Marx.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedr ich_Nietzsche SUMMARY:Friedrich Nietzsche · 1844–1900 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-rene-descartes-q9191 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15960331 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16500212 DESCRIPTION:René Descartes was a French philosopher\, mathematician\, and scientist whose work was foundational to mathematics and modern philosophy . He connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry and introduced a systematic method of inquiry that beca me influential in early modern philosophy. He made major contributions to epistemology and philosophy of mind as well as metaphysics\, and influence d the development of modern science.\n\nMarch 31\, 1596 – February 11\, 1650\; died at 53.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Rembra ndt\, Blaise Pascal\, Louis XIV of France\, and Miguel de Cervantes.\n\nht tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes SUMMARY:René Descartes · 1596–1650 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-immanuel-kant-q9312 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17240422 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18040213 DESCRIPTION:Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher. Born in Königsberg in the Kingdom of Prussia\, he is considered one of the central thinkers of t he Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology\, metaphysics\, logic\, ethics\, aesthetics\, political theory\, and philos ophy of religion have made him one of the most influential and highly disc ussed figures in modern Western philosophy.\n\nApril 22\, 1724 – Februar y 12\, 1804\; died at 79.\nAlive at the same time as Napoleon\, Johann Wol fgang von Goethe\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, Carl Linnaeus\, and George Washi ngton.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant SUMMARY:Immanuel Kant · 1724–1804 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-jean-jacques-rousseau-q6527 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17120628 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17780703 DESCRIPTION:Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosophe\, writer\, and c omposer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of En lightenment throughout Europe\, as well as aspects of the French Revolutio n and the development of modern political\, economic\, and educational tho ught.\n\nJune 28\, 1712 – July 2\, 1778\; died at 66.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, George Washington\, W olfgang Amadeus Mozart\, and Johann Sebastian Bach.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau SUMMARY:Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1712–1778 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-adam-smith-q9381 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17230605 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17900718 DESCRIPTION:Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a p ioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottis h Enlightenment. Seen by many as the "father of economics"\, or the "fathe r of capitalism"\, he is primarily known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of t he Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter\, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations\, is regarded as his magnum opus\, marking the inception of mod ern economic scholarship as a comprehensive system and an academic discipl ine. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in term s of divine will and instead appeals to natural\, political\, social\, eco nomic\, legal\, environmental and technological factors\, as well as the i nteractions among them. The work is notable for its contribution to econom ic theory\, particularly in its exposition of the concept of absolute adva ntage.\n\nJune 5\, 1723 – July 17\, 1790\; died at 67.\nAlive at the sam e time as Napoleon\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, C arl Linnaeus\, and George Washington.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada m_Smith SUMMARY:Adam Smith · 1723–1790 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-locke-q9353 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16320829 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17041109 DESCRIPTION:John Locke was an English philosopher and physician\, widely re garded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and co mmonly known as the "father of liberalism". His important works include A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)\, Two Treatises of Government (1689/90 )\, both published anonymously\, and An Essay Concerning Human Understandi ng (1689/90). His writing on toleration contends that religion is a matter for the individual and that the churches are voluntary associations\, rul ing out religious coercion and uniformity. The ideas on the separation of church and state originated with Sir Harry Vane in Vane’s two pamphlets “Zeal Examined” in 1651 and “A Healing Question” published in 1656 . His Two Treatises on Government argues for government based on the conse nt of the governed and the right to revolt against tyrannous government wh ich has lost consent. The Two Treatises are believed to have influenced th e language that Thomas Jefferson chose in his drafting the July 1776 Decla ration of Independence during the American War of Independence.\n\nAugust 29\, 1632 – November 8\, 1704\; died at 72.\nAlive at the same time as I saac Newton\, Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, Rembrandt\, and Louis XIV of France.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke SUMMARY:John Locke · 1632–1704 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-pythagoras-q10261 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05810101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04900101 DESCRIPTION:Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher\, p olymath\, and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and r eligious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the phi losophies of Plato\, Aristotle\, and\, through them\, Western philosophy. Modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences\, but most agree that he travelled to Croton in southern Italy around 530 B C\, where he founded a school in which initiates were allegedly sworn to s ecrecy and lived a communal\, ascetic lifestyle.\n\n582 BC – 492 BC\; di ed at about 90.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sun Tzu\, Aeschylu s\, Confucius\, and Thales.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras SUMMARY:Pythagoras · 582–492 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-thomas-aquinas-q9438 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12250201 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12740322 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar and priest\, theo logian\, and philosopher. He is considered one of the most influential thi nkers in the history of Catholic theology and Western philosophy. He is th e father of a school of thought known as Thomism.\n\nFebruary 1\, 1225 – March 21\, 1274\; died at 49.\nAlive at the same time as Marco Polo\, Rum i\, Fibonacci\, Kublai Khan\, and Albertus Magnus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas SUMMARY:Thomas Aquinas · 1225–1274 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-albert-camus-q34670 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19131107 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19600105 DESCRIPTION:Albert Camus was a French philosopher\, writer\, and political activist. He was the recipient of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature at th e age of 44\, the second-youngest recipient in history\, and the first lau reate in literature born in Africa. His works include The Stranger\, The P lague\, The Myth of Sisyphus\, The Fall and The Rebel.\n\nNovember 7\, 191 3 – January 4\, 1960\; died at 46.\nAlive at the same time as Donald Tru mp\, Albert Einstein\, Pablo Picasso\, Franz Kafka\, and Pope Francis.\n\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus SUMMARY:Albert Camus · 1913–1960 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-jean-paul-sartre-q9364 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19050621 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19800416 DESCRIPTION:Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher\, poli tical activist\, and writer\, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the ph ilosophy of existentialism and was a proponent of Libertarian Marxism. His work has influenced sociology\, critical theory\, post-colonial theory\, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature de spite attempting to refuse it\, saying that he always declined official ho nors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an inst itution".\n\nJune 21\, 1905 – April 15\, 1980\; died at 74.\nAlive at th e same time as Barack Obama\, Albert Einstein\, Pablo Picasso\, Franz Kafk a\, and Pope Francis.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre SUMMARY:Jean-Paul Sartre · 1905–1980 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-friedrich-engels-q34787 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18201128 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18950806 DESCRIPTION:Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher\, social and politica l theorist\, and revolutionary socialist. He is best known for his lifelon g collaboration with Karl Marx\, with whom he co-authored The Communist Ma nifesto (1848) and developed the political and philosophical system that c ame to be known as Marxism. After Marx's death\, Engels served as the edit or of his works\, completing the second and third volumes of Das Kapital.\ n\nNovember 28\, 1820 – August 5\, 1895\; died at 74.\nAlive at the same time as Albert Einstein\, Abraham Lincoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Vincent van Gog h\, and Frédéric Chopin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Enge ls SUMMARY:Friedrich Engels · 1820–1895 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel-q9235 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17700827 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18311115 DESCRIPTION:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher and a ma jor figure in the tradition of German idealism. His influence on Western p hilosophy extends across a wide range of topics—from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology\, to political philosophy\, to philosophy of art and philosophy of religion.\n\nAugust 27\, 1770 – November 14\, 183 1\; died at 61.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Charles Darwi n\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, and Karl Marx.\n\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel SUMMARY:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel · 1770–1831 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-francis-bacon-q37388 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15610201 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16270101 DESCRIPTION:Francis Bacon\, 1st Viscount St Alban was an English philosophe r and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of Engl and under King James I. Bacon argued for the importance of natural philos ophy\, guided by the scientific method\, and his works remained influentia l throughout the Scientific Revolution.\n\nFebruary 1\, 1561 – 1626\; di ed at about 64.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Rembrandt \, Elizabeth I of England\, Johannes Kepler\, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Pa lestrina.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon SUMMARY:Francis Bacon · 1561–1626 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-simone-de-beauvoir-q7197 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19080109 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19860415 DESCRIPTION:Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir was a French existentialist philosopher\, writer\, social theorist\, and feminist activ ist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher\, nor was she consi dered one at the time of her death\, she had a significant influence on bo th feminist existentialism and feminist theory.\n\nJanuary 9\, 1908 – Ap ril 14\, 1986\; died at 78.\nAlive at the same time as Barack Obama\, Albe rt Einstein\, Pablo Picasso\, Franz Kafka\, and Pope Francis.\n\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir SUMMARY:Simone de Beauvoir · 1908–1986 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-bertrand-russell-q33760 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18720518 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19700203 DESCRIPTION:Bertrand Arthur William Russell\, 3rd Earl Russell\, was an Eng lish mathematician and philosopher. A founder of analytic philosophy\, he was a leading philosopher of the 20th century who produced pioneering work in logic\, set theory\, and philosophy of language. Russell popularised p hilosophy to the general public and was a controversial figure for his out spoken atheism\, pacifism\, and opposition to nuclear weapons. Despite his extensive contributions to mathematics\, Russell was more known to the pu blic for his books and commentary on several social and political issues.\ n\nMay 18\, 1872 – February 2\, 1970\; died at 97.\nAlive at the same ti me as Donald Trump\, Albert Einstein\, Leo Tolstoy\, Vincent van Gogh\, an d Pope Francis.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell SUMMARY:Bertrand Russell · 1872–1970 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-benedictus-de-spinoza-q35802 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16321124 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16770222 DESCRIPTION:Baruch (de) Spinoza\, also known under his Latinized pen name B enedictus de Spinoza\, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who w as born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlightenment \, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism\, 17th-centu ry rationalism\, and Dutch intellectual culture\, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern per iod. Influenced by Stoicism\, Thomas Hobbes\, René Descartes\, and hetero dox Christians\, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age .\n\nNovember 24\, 1632 – February 21\, 1677\; died at 44.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Molière\, Rembrandt\, Louis XIV of France\, and René Descartes.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza SUMMARY:Benedictus de Spinoza · 1632–1677 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-arthur-schopenhauer-q38193 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17880222 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18600922 DESCRIPTION:Arthur Schopenhauer\, also known as the “Philosopher of Pessi mism”\, was a German philosopher and writer. He is known for his 1818 wo rk The World as Will and Representation\, which characterizes the phenomen al world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will. Bui lding on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant\, Schopenhauer devel oped an atheistic\, metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the cont emporaneous ideas of German idealism.\n\nFebruary 22\, 1788 – September 21\, 1860\; died at 72.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Leo T olstoy\, Charles Darwin\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, and Karl Marx.\n\nhttps:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer SUMMARY:Arthur Schopenhauer · 1788–1860 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-ludwig-wittgenstein-q9391 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18890426 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19510430 DESCRIPTION:Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austro-British philosop her who worked in logic\, philosophy of mathematics\, philosophy of mind\, and philosophy of language.\n\nApril 26\, 1889 – April 29\, 1951\; died at 62.\nAlive at the same time as Adolf Hitler\, Albert Einstein\, Leo To lstoy\, Pablo Picasso\, and Pope Francis.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Ludwig_Wittgenstein SUMMARY:Ludwig Wittgenstein · 1889–1951 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-max-weber-q9387 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18640421 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19200615 DESCRIPTION:Maximilian Carl Emil Weber was a German sociologist\, historian \, jurist\, and political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sciences more generally. His i deas continue to influence social theory and research.\n\nApril 21\, 1864 – June 14\, 1920\; died at 56.\nAlive at the same time as Adolf Hitler\, Albert Einstein\, Leo Tolstoy\, Vincent van Gogh\, and Karl Marx.\n\nhttp s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber SUMMARY:Max Weber · 1864–1920 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-thales-q36303 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-06390101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-05450101 DESCRIPTION:Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Mil etus in Ionia\, Asia Minor. Thales was one of the Seven Sages\, founding f igures of Ancient Greece.\n\n640 BC – 547 BC\; died at about 92.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Cyrus the Great\, Sappho\, Pythagoras\, a nd Zoroaster.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus SUMMARY:Thales · 640–547 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-plutarch-q41523 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:00450101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:01280101 DESCRIPTION:Plutarch was a Greek and later Roman Middle Platonist philosoph er\, historian\, biographer\, essayist\, and priest at the Temple of Apoll o in Delphi. He is known primarily for his Parallel Lives\, a series of bi ographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans\, and Moralia\, a collection of essays and speeches. Upon becoming a Roman citizen\, he was possibly name d Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus.\n\n45 – 127\; died at about 81.\nAlive at the same time as Paul the Apostle\, Ptolemy\, Nero\, Pliny the Elder\, and Seneca.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch SUMMARY:Plutarch · 45–127 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-montesquieu-q15975 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16890118 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17550211 DESCRIPTION:Charles Louis de Secondat\, baron de La Brède et de Montesquie u\, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu\, was a French jurist\, hi storian\, and political philosopher.\n\nJanuary 18\, 1689 – February 10\ , 1755\; died at 66.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, George Wash ington\, Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, and Immanuel Kant.\n\nhttps:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu SUMMARY:Montesquieu · 1689–1755 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-thomas-hobbes-q37621 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15880405 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16791205 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher and political theorist \, best known for his 1651 book Leviathan\, in which he expounds an influe ntial formulation of social contract theory. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.\n\nApril 5\, 1588 – Decemb er 4\, 1679\; died at 91.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Isaac Newton\, Rembrandt\, Elizabeth I of England\, and René Descartes.\ n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes SUMMARY:Thomas Hobbes · 1588–1679 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-david-hume-q37160 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17110426 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17760826 DESCRIPTION:David Hume was a Scottish philosopher\, historian\, economist a nd essayist who is known for his highly influential system of empiricism\, philosophical scepticism and metaphysical naturalism. Beginning with A Tr eatise of Human Nature (1739–40)\, Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Foll owing John Locke\, Hume rejected the existence of innate ideas\, holding t hat all our ideas derive ultimately from impressions\, but in his fork he distinguished relations of ideas\, known a priori\, from matters of fact\, whose knowledge rests on experience. This places him in the empiricist tr adition of Locke and George Berkeley\, while drawing his experimental meth od from Francis Bacon.\n\nApril 26\, 1711 – August 25\, 1776\; died at 6 5.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, George Washington\, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\, and Johann Sebastian Bach.\n \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume SUMMARY:David Hume · 1711–1776 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-seneca-q2054 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-00061231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:00650411 DESCRIPTION:Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger\, usually known mononymously as Seneca\, was a Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome\, a statesman\, a dram atist\, and in one work (Apocolocyntosis) a satirist from the post-Augusta n age of Latin literature.\n\nc. 10 BC – April 10\, 65\; died at about 7 5.\nAlive at the same time as Jesus Christ\, Augustus\, Ovid\, Paul the Ap ostle\, and Plutarch.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger SUMMARY:Seneca · c. 10 BC–65 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-ralph-waldo-emerson-q48226 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18030525 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18820428 DESCRIPTION:Ralph Waldo Emerson\, who went by his middle name Waldo\, was a n American essayist\, lecturer\, philosopher\, minister\, abolitionist\, a nd poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and critical thinking\, as well a s a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society and confor mity. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche thought he was "the most gifted of the Americans"\, and Walt Whitman called Emerson his "master".\n \nMay 25\, 1803 – April 27\, 1882\; died at 78.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Charles Darwin\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, and Vincent van Gogh.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerso n SUMMARY:Ralph Waldo Emerson · 1803–1882 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-democritus-q41980 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04561231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03550101 DESCRIPTION:Democritus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Abdera\, p rimarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the u niverse. Democritus wrote extensively on a wide variety of topics.\n\nc. 4 60 BC – c. 360 BC\; died at about 100.\nAlive at the same time as Sophoc les\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Democritus SUMMARY:Democritus · c. 460–c. 360 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-stuart-mill-q50020 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18060520 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18730509 DESCRIPTION:John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher\, political economi st\, and politician. He was a paradigmatic philosopher of liberalism and h as been described as "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century" by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. He co nceived of liberty as justifying the freedom of the individual in oppositi on to unlimited state and social control\, and formulated the Harm princip le. He also advocated proportional representation\, the emancipation of wo men\, and the development of labour organisations and farm cooperatives\, and has been classified as both a classical liberal and social liberal.\n\ nMay 20\, 1806 – May 8\, 1873\; died at 66.\nAlive at the same time as A braham Lincoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Charles Darwin\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, and Vincent van Gogh.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill SUMMARY:John Stuart Mill · 1806–1873 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-giordano-bruno-q36330 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15480101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16010101 DESCRIPTION:Giordano Bruno was an Italian philosopher\, Dominican friar and priest\, poet\, alchemist\, astronomer\, cosmological theorist\, and esot ericist. He is known for his cosmological theories\, which conceptually ex tended to include the then-novel Copernican model. He practised Hermeticis m and took a mystical approach to exploring the universe. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets (exoplanets)\ , and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of th eir own\, a cosmological position known as cosmic pluralism. He also insis ted that the universe is infinite and can have no centre.\n\n1548 – 1600 \; died at about 51.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Mich elangelo\, Elizabeth I of England\, Johannes Kepler\, and John Calvin.\n\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno SUMMARY:Giordano Bruno · 1548–1600 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-denis-diderot-q448 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17131005 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17840731 DESCRIPTION:Denis Diderot was a French philosopher\, art critic\, and write r\, best known for serving as co-founder\, chief editor\, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominen t figure during the Age of Enlightenment.\n\nOctober 5\, 1713 – July 30\ , 1784\; died at 70.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Napoleon\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, and George Washington. \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot SUMMARY:Denis Diderot · 1713–1784 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-epicurus-q43216 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03410101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02680101 DESCRIPTION:Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the philo sophical school of Epicureanism\, which teaches that management of one's d esires\, removal of unnecessary fears\, friendship\, and virtuous living l ead to a pleasant life and constant happiness\, the highest good.\n\n342 B C – 270 BC\; died at about 72.\nAlive at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Archimedes\, Chanakya\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus SUMMARY:Epicurus · 342–270 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-martin-heidegger-q48301 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18890926 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19760527 DESCRIPTION:Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher whose work was centra l to the development of phenomenology\, hermeneutics\, and existentialism. He has had significant impact within subsequent philosophy\, social scien ces and humanities\, and theology.\n\nSeptember 26\, 1889 – May 26\, 197 6\; died at 86.\nAlive at the same time as Barack Obama\, Albert Einstein\ , Leo Tolstoy\, Pablo Picasso\, and Pope Francis.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger SUMMARY:Martin Heidegger · 1889–1976 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-heraclitus-q41155 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05340101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04650101 DESCRIPTION:Heraclitus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from the city o f Ephesus\, which was then part of the Persian Empire. He exerts a wide in fluence on Western philosophy\, both ancient and modern\, through the work s of such authors as Plato\, Aristotle\, the Stoics\, Georg Wilhelm Friedr ich Hegel\, Friedrich Nietzsche\, and Martin Heidegger.\n\n535 BC – c. 4 70 BC\; died at about 64.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocle s\, Sun Tzu\, Confucius\, and Pythagoras.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Heraclitus SUMMARY:Heraclitus · 535–c. 470 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-henri-bergson-q42156 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18591018 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19420101 DESCRIPTION:Henri-Louis Bergson was a French philosopher who was influentia l in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy\, es pecially during the first half of the 20th century until the Second World War\, but also after 1966 when Gilles Deleuze published Le Bergsonisme.\n\ nOctober 18\, 1859 – 1941\; died at about 81.\nAlive at the same time as Adolf Hitler\, Albert Einstein\, Leo Tolstoy\, Vincent van Gogh\, and Nei l Armstrong.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson SUMMARY:Henri Bergson · 1859–1941 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-auguste-comte-q12718 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17980119 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18580101 DESCRIPTION:Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte was a French philo sopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. He is often r egarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the ter m. Comte's ideas were fundamental to the development of sociology\, as he coined the term and treated the discipline as the crowning achievement of the sciences.\n\nJanuary 19\, 1798 – 1857\; died at about 58.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Charles Darwin\, Ludwig v an Beethoven\, and Karl Marx.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Com te SUMMARY:Auguste Comte · 1798–1857 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-michel-foucault-q44272 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19261015 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19840626 DESCRIPTION:Paul-Michel Foucault\, known as Michel Foucault\, was a French philosopher\, literary critic\, and historian of ideas who analyzed the re lationships between power\, knowledge\, and liberty\, and how they are use d as a form of social control through institutions. Sometimes called a str ucturalist or postmodernist\, he rejected these labels and sought to criti que authority without limiting himself. His thought has influenced academi cs in many areas of study\, including anthropology\, communication studies \, criminology\, cultural studies\, feminism\, literary theory\, psycholog y\, and sociology. His arguments against homophobia\, racial prejudice\, a nd other ideological doctrines have also shaped scholarship on critical th eory and Marxism.\n\nOctober 15\, 1926 – June 25\, 1984\; died at 57.\nA live at the same time as Barack Obama\, Albert Einstein\, Pablo Picasso\, Pope Francis\, and Neil Armstrong.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel _Foucault SUMMARY:Michel Foucault · 1926–1984 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-zhu-xi-q9397 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11301025 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12000501 DESCRIPTION:Zhu Xi\, formerly romanized Chu Hsi\, was a Chinese philosopher \, historian\, politician\, poet\, and calligrapher of the Southern Song d ynasty. As a leading figure in the development of Neo-Confucianism\, Zhu X i played a pivotal role in shaping the intellectual foundations of later i mperial China. He sought to integrate moral self-cultivation\, classical i nterpretation\, ritual practice\, and cosmological theory into a coherent framework\, emphasizing disciplined study and ethical cultivation while cr iticizing approaches—particularly within contemporary Buddhist tradition s—that claimed immediate insight detached from ritual\, learning\, and m oral practice. His extensive commentaries and editorial work on the Four B ooks became the core texts of the imperial civil service examinations from 1313 until their abolition in 1905. He advanced a rigorous philosophical methodology known as the "investigation of things" (格物) and emphasized meditation as an essential practice for moral and intellectual self-culti vation. Zhu Xi's thought exerted profound influence\, becoming the officia l state ideology of China from the Yuan dynasty onward\, and was later ado pted in other East Asian countries such as Japan\, Korea\, and Vietnam. In these regions\, his Neo-Confucian doctrines were institutionalized throug h educational systems and civil service examinations\, shaping political i deologies\, social hierarchies\, and cultural values for centuries.\n\nOct ober 25\, 1130 – April 30\, 1200\; died at 69.\nAlive at the same time a s Genghis Khan\, Francis of Assisi\, Averroes\, Fibonacci\, and Saladin.\n \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi SUMMARY:Zhu Xi · 1130–1200 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-xenophon-q129772 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04290101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03520101 DESCRIPTION:Xenophon of Athens was a Greek military leader\, philosopher\, economist\, and historian. At the age of 30\, he was elected as one of the leaders of the retreating Greek mercenaries\, the Ten Thousand\, who had been part of Cyrus the Younger's attempt to seize control of the Achaemeni d Empire. As the military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge wrote\, "the ce nturies since have devised nothing to surpass the genius of this warrior". \n\n430 BC – 354 BC\; died at about 76.\nAlive at the same time as Sopho cles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon SUMMARY:Xenophon · 430–354 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-diogenes-of-sinope-q59180 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04110101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03210101 DESCRIPTION:Diogenes the Cynic\, also known as Diogenes of Sinope\, was an ancient Greek philosopher during the period of Classical Greece\, and one of the founders of Cynicism.\n\n412 BC – 323 BC\; died at about 88.\nAli ve at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Hippocrates\, Aristophanes\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes SUMMARY:Diogenes of Sinope · 412–323 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-nagarjuna-q171195 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:01500101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:02510101 DESCRIPTION:Nāgārjuna was an Indian scholar-monk\, philosopher\, and teac her (acharya) of Mahayana Buddhism from south India. He is considered the founder of the Madhyamaka school.\n\n150 – 250\; died at about 100.\nAli ve at the same time as Marcus Aurelius\, Ptolemy\, Apuleius\, Tertullian\, and Plotinus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna SUMMARY:Nagarjuna · 150–250 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-epictetus-q183144 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:00500101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:01260101 DESCRIPTION:Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born into slave ry at Hierapolis\, Phrygia and lived in Rome until his banishment\, after which he spent the rest of his life in Nicopolis in northwestern Greece.\n \n50 – 125\; died at about 75.\nAlive at the same time as Paul the Apost le\, Ptolemy\, Nero\, Pliny the Elder\, and Plutarch.\n\nhttps://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Epictetus SUMMARY:Epictetus · 50–125 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-strabo-q45936 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-00650101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:00220101 DESCRIPTION:Strabo was a Greek geographer who was born in Asia Minor and li ved from 64 or 63 BC to c. 24 AD. He is best known for his work Geograp hica\, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from dif ferent regions of the world known during his lifetime. Additionally\, Stra bo authored historical works\, but only fragments and quotations of these survive in the writings of other authors.\n\n66 BC – 21\; died at about 86.\nAlive at the same time as Jesus Christ\, Julius Caesar\, Virgil\, Agl aonike\, and Augustus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo SUMMARY:Strabo · 66 BC–21 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-johann-gottlieb-fichte-q102585 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17620519 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18140130 DESCRIPTION:Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher\, and a foundin g figure of German idealism\, which developed from the theoretical and eth ical writings of Immanuel Kant.\n\nMay 19\, 1762 – January 29\, 1814\; d ied at 51.\nAlive at the same time as Napoleon\, Johann Wolfgang von Goeth e\, Ludwig van Beethoven\, Carl Linnaeus\, and George Washington.\n\nhttps ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte SUMMARY:Johann Gottlieb Fichte · 1762–1814 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-hypatia-q11903 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:03600101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:04150401 DESCRIPTION:Hypatia was a Neoplatonist philosopher\, astronomer\, and mathe matician who lived in Alexandria\, at that time in the province of Egypt a nd a major city of the Roman Empire. In Alexandria\, Hypatia was a promine nt thinker who taught subjects including philosophy and astronomy\, and in her lifetime was renowned as a great teacher and a wise counselor. Not th e only fourth century Alexandrian female mathematician\, Hypatia was prece ded by Pandrosion. However\, Hypatia is the first female mathematician who se life is reasonably well recorded. She wrote a commentary on Diophantus' s thirteen-volume Arithmetica\, which may survive in part\, having been in terpolated into Diophantus's original text\, and another commentary on Apo llonius of Perga's treatise on conic sections\, which has not survived. Ma ny modern scholars also believe that Hypatia may have edited the surviving text of Ptolemy's Almagest\, based on the title of her father Theon's com mentary on Book III of the Almagest.\n\n360 – 415\; died at about 55.\nA live at the same time as Augustine of Hippo\, Alaric I\, Ausonius\, Jerome \, and John Chrysostom.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia SUMMARY:Hypatia · 360–415 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-robert-boyle-q43393 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16260125 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16920101 DESCRIPTION:Robert Boyle was an Anglo-Irish chemist\, alchemist\, physicist \, theologian\, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist\, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry\, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.\n\nJanua ry 25\, 1626 – December 31\, 1691\; died at 65.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Molière\, Rembrandt\, Louis XIV of France\, and Antonio Vivaldi.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle SUMMARY:Robert Boyle · 1626–1691 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-parmenides-q125551 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05140101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04680101 DESCRIPTION:Parmenides of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from El ea in Magna Graecia.\n\n515 BC – 470 BC\; died at about 44.\nAlive at th e same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Sun Tzu\, Confucius\, and Pythagor as.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides SUMMARY:Parmenides · 515–470 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-anaximander-q42458 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-06190101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-05350101 DESCRIPTION:Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in M iletus\, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned t he teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the seco nd master of that school\, where he counted Anaximenes and\, arguably\, Py thagoras amongst his pupils.\n\n620 BC – c. 540 BC\; died at about 78.\n Alive at the same time as The Buddha\, Cyrus the Great\, Sappho\, Confuciu s\, and Pythagoras.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximander SUMMARY:Anaximander · 620–c. 540 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-anaxagoras-q83041 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04990101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04260101 DESCRIPTION:Anaxagoras was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazom enae at a time when Asia Minor was under the control of the Persian Empire \, Anaxagoras came to Athens. In later life he was charged with impiety an d went into exile in Lampsacus.\n\n500 BC – 428 BC\; died at about 72.\n Alive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydide s\, and Confucius.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras SUMMARY:Anaxagoras · 500–428 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-moshe-ben-maimon-q127398 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11350406 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12041221 DESCRIPTION:Moses Ben Maimon\, commonly known as Maimonides and also referr ed to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam\, was a Sephardic Jewish rabbi who is w idely acknowledged as one of the most prolific and influential Torah schol ars of the Middle Ages.\n\nApril 6\, 1135 – December 20\, 1204\; died at 69.\nAlive at the same time as Genghis Khan\, Francis of Assisi\, Averroe s\, Fibonacci\, and Saladin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides SUMMARY:Moshe ben Maimon · 1135–1204 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-george-berkeley-q82049 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16850312 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17530115 DESCRIPTION:George Berkeley\, known as Bishop Berkeley\, was an Anglo-Irish philosopher\, writer\, and clergyman who is regarded as the founder of im materialism\, a philosophical theory he developed which later came to be k nown as subjective idealism. He has also been called "the father of ideali sm" by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Berkeley played a leading r ole in the empiricism movement and was one of its pioneers. He was among t he most cited philosophers of 18th-century Europe\, and his works deeply i nfluenced later thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume.\n\nMarch 12 \, 1685 – January 14\, 1753\; died at 67.\nAlive at the same time as Isa ac Newton\, George Washington\, Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, and Imm anuel Kant.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley SUMMARY:George Berkeley · 1685–1753 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-protagoras-q169243 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04890101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04180101 DESCRIPTION:Protagoras was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and rhetorical theorist. He is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras\, Plato credits him with inventing the role of the professional sophist.\n\n490 BC – 420 BC\; died at about 70.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, and Confucius.\n\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras SUMMARY:Protagoras · 490–420 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-mencius-q188903 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03710101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02870101 DESCRIPTION:Mencius\, born Meng Ke (孟軻)\, was a Chinese Confucian philo sopher\, often described as the Second Sage (亞聖) to reflect his tradit ional esteem relative to Confucius himself. He was part of Confucius's fou rth generation of disciples\, inheriting his ideology and developing it fu rther. Living during the Warring States period\, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to differen t rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius\, which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.\n\n372 BC – 289 B C\; died at about 82.\nAlive at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Euc lid\, Chanakya\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Mencius SUMMARY:Mencius · 372–289 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-empedocles-q83375 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04930101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04320101 DESCRIPTION:Empedocles was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and a native ci tizen of Akragas\, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is known best for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements . He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and se parate the elements\, respectively.\n\n494 BC – 434 BC\; died at about 6 0.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucy dides\, and Confucius.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles SUMMARY:Empedocles · 494–434 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-jeremy-bentham-q60887 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17480215 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18320607 DESCRIPTION:Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher\, jurist\, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.\n\nFebruary 15 \, 1748 – June 6\, 1832\; died at 84.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Lincoln\, Charles Darwin\, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\, Ludwig van Beetho ven\, and Karl Marx.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham SUMMARY:Jeremy Bentham · 1748–1832 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-peter-abelard-q4295 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:10790101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11430101 DESCRIPTION:Peter Abelard was a French philosopher\, logician\, theologian\ , composer\, and poet\, regarded as one of the most brilliant and controve rsial theologians of his time. Born at Pallet\, near Nantes\, he became a popular lecturer in Paris\, but his academic career was cut short after hi s love affair with his student and eventual wife\, Héloïse d'Argenteuil. Their relationship and philosophical exchange later became the aspect of his life for which he is best known in history and popular culture.\n\n107 9 – 1142\; died at about 63.\nAlive at the same time as Omar Khayyám\, Averroes\, Frederick Barbarossa\, Anselm of Canterbury\, and Zhu Xi.\n\nht tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard SUMMARY:Peter Abelard · 1079–1142 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-robert-hooke-q46830 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16350728 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17030315 DESCRIPTION:Robert Hooke was an English polymath who was active as a physic ist\, astronomer\, geologist\, meteorologist\, and architect. He is credit ed as one of the first scientists to investigate living things at microsco pic scale in 1665\, using a compound microscope that he designed. Hooke wa s an impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood who went on to be come one of the most important scientists of his time. After the Great Fir e of London in 1666\, Hooke attained wealth and esteem by performing more than half of the property line surveys and assisting with the city's rapid reconstruction. Often vilified by writers in the centuries after his deat h\, his reputation was restored at the end of the twentieth century and he has been called "England's Leonardo [da Vinci]".\n\nJuly 28\, 1635 – Ma rch 14\, 1703\; died at 67.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Joha nn Sebastian Bach\, Molière\, Rembrandt\, and Louis XIV of France.\n\nhtt ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke SUMMARY:Robert Hooke · 1635–1703 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-plotinus-q134189 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:02050101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:02710101 DESCRIPTION:Plotinus was an ancient Greek philosopher\, born and raised in Roman Egypt. He is widely regarded by modern scholars as the founder of Ne oplatonism.\n\n205 – 270\; died at about 64.\nAlive at the same time as Tertullian\, Caracalla\, Diophantus of Alexandria\, Cyprian\, and Nagarjun a.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus SUMMARY:Plotinus · 205–270 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-xenophanes-q131671 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05690101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04760101 DESCRIPTION:Xenophanes of Colophon was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher\, p oet\, and critic of Homer. He was born in Ionia and travelled throughout t he Greek-speaking world in early classical antiquity.\n\n570 BC – 478 BC \; died at about 92.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, S un Tzu\, Confucius\, and Pythagoras.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno phanes SUMMARY:Xenophanes · 570–478 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-slavoj-zizek-q184750 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19490321 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher\, cultural theorist a nd public intellectual.\n\nBorn March 21\, 1949\; 77 today.\nAlive at the same time as Barack Obama\, Pablo Picasso\, Pope Francis\, Neil Armstrong\ , and Gabriel García Márquez.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoj_%C 5%BDi%C5%BEek SUMMARY:Slavoj Žižek · born 1949 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-theophrastus-q160362 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03700101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02850101 DESCRIPTION:Theophrastus was an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist. A native of Eresos in Lesbos\, he was Aristotle's close colleague and succe ssor as head of the Lyceum\, the Peripatetic school of philosophy in Athen s. Theophrastus wrote numerous treatises across all areas of philosophy\, working to support\, improve\, expand\, and develop the Aristotelian syste m. He made significant contributions to various fields\, including ethics\ , metaphysics\, botany\, and natural history. Often considered the "father of botany" for his groundbreaking works "Enquiry into Plants" and "On the Causes of Plants"\, Theophrastus established the foundations of botanical science. His given name was Tyrtamos \; the nickname Theophrastus was rep utedly given to him by Aristotle in recognition of his eloquent style.\n\n 371 BC – 287 BC\; died at about 84.\nAlive at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Euclid\, Chanakya\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus SUMMARY:Theophrastus · 371–287 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-adi-shankara-q180967 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:07880101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:08210101 DESCRIPTION:Adi Shankara\, also called Adi Shankaracharya\, was an Indian V edic scholar-monk\, philosopher\, and teacher (acharya) of Advaita Vedanta . He wrote influential commentaries on the Brahma sutras and other texts\, and in recent times is often revered as the most important Indian philoso pher. Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant\, and the hi storical influence of his works on Hindu intellectual thought has been que stioned. The historical Shankara was probably relatively unknown and Vaish nava-oriented and his true impact lies in the popular perception of him as a heroic religious leader who re-established traditional Hinduism.\n\n788 – 820\; died at about 32.\nAlive at the same time as Charlemagne\, Mu ḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\, Abu Nuwas\, Al-Shafi'i\, and Jabir ibn Ha yyan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara SUMMARY:Ādi Shankara · 788–820 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-zhuang-zhou-q47739 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03680101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02860101 DESCRIPTION:Zhuang Zhou\, honorifically often known as Zhuangzi\, was an in fluential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States period\, a period of great development in Chinese philo sophy\, the Hundred Schools of Thought. He is credited with writing—in p art or in whole—a work known by his name\, the Zhuangzi\, which is one o f two foundational texts of Taoism\, alongside the Tao Te Ching.\n\n369 BC – 288 BC\; died at about 81.\nAlive at the same time as Alexander the G reat\, Euclid\, Chanakya\, Apelles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou SUMMARY:Zhuang Zhou · 369–288 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-amos-comenius-q12735 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15920328 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16701116 DESCRIPTION:John Amos Comenius was a Moravian philosopher\, pedagogue and t heologian who is considered the father of modern education. He served as t he last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren before becoming a religious re fugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education\, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. As an educator and theo logian\, he led schools and advised governments across Protestant Europe t hrough the middle of the seventeenth century and proposed the pedagogical concept of pansophism.\n\nMarch 28\, 1592 – November 15\, 1670\; died at 78.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Isaac Newton\, Rembr andt\, Elizabeth I of England\, and René Descartes.\n\nhttps://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius SUMMARY:John Amos Comenius · 1592–1670 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-farabi-q160460 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:08720114 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:09520101 DESCRIPTION:Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi\, known in the Latin West as Alphar abius\, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been d esignated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism"\, and the "Founder of Islami c Political Philosophy".\n\nJanuary 14\, 872 – 951\; died at about 78.\n Alive at the same time as Ferdowsi\, Alfred the Great\, Abu Bakr al-Razi\, Sylvester II\, and Æthelstan.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi SUMMARY:Farabi · 872–951 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-zeno-of-elea-q132157 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04890101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04230101 DESCRIPTION:Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea\, i n what is now Southern Italy. He was a student of Parmenides and one of th e Eleatics. Zeno defended his instructor's belief in monism\, the idea tha t only one single entity exists that makes up all of reality. He rejected the existence of space\, time\, and motion. To disprove these concepts\, h e developed a series of paradoxes to demonstrate why they are impossible. Though his original writings are lost\, subsequent descriptions by Plato\, Aristotle\, Diogenes Laertius\, and Simplicius of Cilicia have allowed st udy of his ideas.\n\n490 BC – 425 BC\; died at about 64.\nAlive at the s ame time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, and Confuc ius.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea SUMMARY:Zeno of Elea · 490–425 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-roger-bacon-q171677 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12140101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12950101 DESCRIPTION:Roger Bacon\, also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mira bilis\, was a medieval English polymath\, philosopher\, scientist\, theolo gian and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. Intertwining his Catholic faith with scientifi c thinking\, Roger Bacon is considered one of the greatest polymaths of th e medieval period.\n\n1214 – 1294\; died at about 80.\nAlive at the same time as Dante Alighieri\, Marco Polo\, Genghis Khan\, Francis of Assisi\, and Fibonacci.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon SUMMARY:Roger Bacon · 1214–1294 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-boethius-q102851 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:04800101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:05250101 DESCRIPTION:Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius\, commonly known simply as B oethius\, was a Roman senator\, consul\, magister officiorum\, polymath\, historian\, and philosopher of the Early Middle Ages. He was a central fig ure in the translation of the Greek classics into Latin\, a precursor to t he Scholastic movement\, and\, along with Cassiodorus\, one of the two lea ding Christian scholars of the 6th century. The local cult of Boethius in the Diocese of Pavia was sanctioned by the Sacred Congregation of Rites in 1883\, confirming the diocese's custom of honoring him on 23 October.\n\n 480 – c. 520\; died at about 40.\nAlive at the same time as Justinian I\ , Aryabhata\, Brendan the Navigator\, Benedict of Nursia\, and Clovis I.\n \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius SUMMARY:Boethius · 480–c. 520 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-anaximenes-of-miletus-q80612 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-05840101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-05260101 DESCRIPTION:Anaximenes of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Anatolia. He was the last of the three philosophers of the Mil esian School\, after Thales and Anaximander. These three are regarded by h istorians as the first philosophers of the Western world. Little is known of Anaximenes's life and work\, as all of his original texts are lost. His torians and philosophers have reconstructed information about Anaximenes b y interpreting texts about him by later writers.\n\n585 BC – 528 BC\; di ed at about 57.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Sun Tzu\, Sappho\, Confucius\, and Pythagoras.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximenes_o f_Miletus SUMMARY:Anaximenes of Miletus · 585–528 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-zeno-of-citium-q171303 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03330101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02610101 DESCRIPTION:Zeno of Citium was a Hellenistic philosopher from Citium\, Cypr us. \nHe was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy\, which he taug ht in Athens from about 300 BC.\n\n334 BC – 263 BC\; died at about 71.\n Alive at the same time as Alexander the Great\, Archimedes\, Chanakya\, Ap elles\, and Aristotle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium SUMMARY:Zeno of Citium · 334–263 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-judith-butler-q219368 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19560224 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Judith Butler is an American feminist\, queer philosopher\, and gender studies scholar whose work has influenced political philosophy\, e thics\, psychoanalysis\, and the fields of feminist and queer theory\, aca demic freedom\, and literary theory.\n\nBorn February 24\, 1956\; 70 today .\nAlive at the same time as Barack Obama\, Pablo Picasso\, Pope Francis\, Neil Armstrong\, and Gabriel García Márquez.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Judith_Butler SUMMARY:Judith Butler · born 1956 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-ibn-arabi-q46420 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11650804 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12401124 DESCRIPTION:Ibn al-ʿArabī was a Muslim Arab scholar\, mystic\, poet\, and philosopher from al-Andalus\, who exercised notable influence within Sufi metaphysics and Islamic thought in general. There are 850 works attribute d to Ibn al-ʿArabī\, though only 700 of these are considered authentic\, and only 400 are extant. His cosmological teachings became a dominant int ellectual framework in many regions of the Muslim world.\n\nAugust 4\, 116 5 – November 23\, 1240\; died at 75.\nAlive at the same time as Genghis Khan\, Rumi\, Francis of Assisi\, Fibonacci\, and Thomas Aquinas.\n\nhttps ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi SUMMARY:Ibn Arabi · 1165–1240 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-miyamoto-musashi-q193344 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15840101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16450606 DESCRIPTION:Miyamoto Musashi was a Japanese swordsman\, strategist\, artis t\, and writer who became renowned through stories of his unique double-bl aded swordsmanship and undefeated record in his 62 duels. Musashi is consi dered a kensei of Japan. He was the founder of the Niten Ichi-ryū style o f swordsmanship. In his final years\, Musashi authored The Book of Five Ri ngs and Dokkōdō.\n\n1584 – June 5\, 1645\; died at about 61.\nAlive a t the same time as William Shakespeare\, Rembrandt\, Blaise Pascal\, Eliza beth I of England\, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.\n\nhttps://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi SUMMARY:Miyamoto Musashi · 1584–1645 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-al-kindi-q179759 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:07960101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:08710101 DESCRIPTION:Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī was a Mesopotamian Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher\, mathema tician\, physician\, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Isl amic peripatetic philosophers\, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philo sophy".\n\n796 – 870\; died at about 74.\nAlive at the same time as Char lemagne\, Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\, Abu Nuwas\, Al-Shafi'i\, and Alfred the Great.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi SUMMARY:Al-Kindi · 796–870 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-nicholas-of-cusa-q154751 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:14010101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:14640822 DESCRIPTION:Nicholas of Cusa\, also referred to as Nicholas of Kues and Nic olaus Cusanus\, was a German Catholic bishop and polymath active as a phil osopher\, theologian\, jurist\, mathematician\, and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of Renaissance humanism\, he made spiritual and p olitical contributions to European culture. A notable example of this is h is mystical or spiritual writings on "learned ignorance"\, as well as his participation in power struggles between Rome and the German states of the Holy Roman Empire.\n\n1401 – August 21\, 1464\; died at about 63.\nAliv e at the same time as Leonardo da Vinci\, Christopher Columbus\, Joan of A rc\, Jan Hus\, and François Villon.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nich olas_of_Cusa SUMMARY:Nicholas of Cusa · 1401–1464 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-leucippus-q165589 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04511231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-04500101 DESCRIPTION:Leucippus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is tradition ally credited as the founder of atomism\, which he developed with his stud ent Democritus. Leucippus divided the world into two entities: atoms\, ind ivisible particles that make up all things\, and the void\, the nothingnes s that exists between the atoms. He developed his philosophy as a response to the Eleatics\, who believed that all things are one and the void does not exist. Leucippus's ideas were influential in ancient and Renaissance p hilosophy. Leucippus was the first Western philosopher to develop the conc ept of atoms\, but his ideas only bear a superficial resemblance to modern atomic theory.\n\nc. 500 BC – c. 500 BC\; died at about 0.\n\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus SUMMARY:Leucippus · c. 500–c. 500 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-ibn-taymiyyah-q491558 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12630129 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:13281005 DESCRIPTION:Ibn Taymiyya was a Sunni Muslim scholar\, jurist\, Mujtahid\, t raditionist\, Qadiri Sufi\, proto-Salafist theologian and iconoclast. Born in Harran in 1263 CE and fleeing from the Mongol invasion\, he was taught by his grandfather and father in the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence at Damascus. Ibn Taymiyya proved to be a controversial figure among both h is contemporaries and in later centuries. \nSyrian Salafi theologian Muham mad Rashid Rida\, one of the major modern proponents of Ibn Taymiyya's wor ks\, designated him as the Mujaddid of the 7th Islamic century.\n\nJanuary 29\, 1263 – October 4\, 1328\; died at 65.\nAlive at the same time as D ante Alighieri\, Marco Polo\, Kublai Khan\, William of Ockham\, and Giotto .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya SUMMARY:Ibn Taymiyyah · 1263–1328 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-duns-scotus-q190089 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12650101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:13081117 DESCRIPTION:John Duns Scotus was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar\, university professor\, philosopher and theologian. He is considere d among the most important philosopher-theologians in Western Christendom during the last part of the medieval period\, together with Thomas Aquinas \, Bonaventure and William of Ockham. The intellectual tradition derived f rom Scotus's work is called Scotism.\n\n1265 – November 16\, 1308\; died at about 43.\nAlive at the same time as Dante Alighieri\, Marco Polo\, Ku blai Khan\, William of Ockham\, and Giotto.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Duns_Scotus SUMMARY:John Duns Scotus · 1265–1308 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-giovanni-pico-della-mirandola-q182128 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:14630305 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:14941127 DESCRIPTION:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance noblem an and philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486\, when\, at the age of 23\, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion\, philosophy\, natur al philosophy\, and magic against all comers\, for which he wrote the Orat ion on the Dignity of Man\, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Re naissance"\, and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been c alled the "Hermetic Reformation". He was the founder of the tradition of C hristian Kabbalah\, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. The 9 00 Theses was the first printed book to be universally banned by the Churc h. Pico is sometimes seen as a proto-Protestant\, because his 900 theses a nticipated many Protestant views.\n\nMarch 5\, 1463 – November 26\, 1494 \; died at 31.\nAlive at the same time as Leonardo da Vinci\, Michelangelo \, Martin Luther\, Christopher Columbus\, and Niccolò Machiavelli.\n\nhtt ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola SUMMARY:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola · 1463–1494 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-meister-eckhart-q76548 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12600101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:13280206 DESCRIPTION:Eckhart von Hochheim\, commonly known as Meister Eckhart\, was a German Catholic priest\, theologian\, philosopher and mystic. He was bor n near Gotha in the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a member of the Dominican Order.\n\n1260 – February 5\, 1328\; died at about 68.\nAlive at the same time as Dante Alighieri\, Marco Polo\, Ku blai Khan\, William of Ockham\, and Giotto.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Meister_Eckhart SUMMARY:Meister Eckhart · 1260–1328 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-philo-of-alexandria-q189597 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-00140101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:00510101 DESCRIPTION:Philo of Alexandria\, also called Philō Judæus\, was a Hellen istic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria\, in the Roman province o f Egypt.\n\n15 BC – 50\; died at about 64.\nAlive at the same time as Je sus Christ\, Augustus\, Ovid\, Paul the Apostle\, and Seneca.\n\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo SUMMARY:Philo of Alexandria · 15 BC–50 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-pierre-bayle-q214816 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16471118 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17070101 DESCRIPTION:Pierre Bayle was a French philosopher\, author\, and lexicograp her. He is best known for his Historical and Critical Dictionary\, whose p ublication began in 1697. Many of the more controversial ideas in the book were hidden away in the voluminous footnotes\, or they were slipped into articles on seemingly uncontroversial topics. Bayle is commonly regarded a s a forerunner of the Encyclopédistes of the mid-18th century.\n\nNovembe r 18\, 1647 – 1706\; died at about 58.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, Rembrandt\, and Louis XIV of F rance.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle SUMMARY:Pierre Bayle · 1647–1706 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-marsilio-ficino-q192374 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:14331028 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:14991011 DESCRIPTION:Marsilio Ficino was an Italian scholar and Catholic priest who was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance. He was an astrologer\, a reviver of Neoplatonism in touch wi th the major academics of his day\, and the first translator of Plato's co mplete extant works into Latin. His Florentine Academy\, an attempt to rev ive Plato's Academy\, influenced the direction and tenor of the Italian Re naissance and the development of European philosophy.\n\nOctober 28\, 1433 – October 10\, 1499\; died at 65.\nAlive at the same time as Leonardo d a Vinci\, Michelangelo\, Martin Luther\, Christopher Columbus\, and Niccol ò Machiavelli.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino SUMMARY:Marsilio Ficino · 1433–1499 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-xunzi-q216072 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03120101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02250101 DESCRIPTION:Xunzi\, born Xun Kuang\, was a late Warring States period Confu cian Chinese philosopher\, often ranked as the third great Confucian philo sopher of antiquity after his predecessors Confucius and Mencius. By his t ime\, Confucianism had suffered considerable criticism from Taoist and Moh ist thinkers\, and Xunzi is traditionally regarded as a synthesizer of the se traditions with earlier Confucian thought. The result was a thorough an d cohesive revision of Confucianism\, which was crucial to the philosophy' s ability to flourish in the Han dynasty and throughout the later history of East Asia. His works were compiled in the eponymous Xunzi\, and survive in excellent condition. Unlike other ancient compilations\, his authorshi p of these texts is generally secure\, though it is likely that Western Ha n dynasty historian Liu Xiang organized them into their present form centu ries after Xunzi's death.\n\n313 BC – c. 230 BC\; died at about 82.\nAli ve at the same time as Archimedes\, Qin Shi Huang\, Chanakya\, Euclid\, an d Ashoka.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher) SUMMARY:Xunzi · 313–c. 230 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-diogenes-laertius-q59138 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:01841231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:02450101 DESCRIPTION:Diogenes Laërtius was a biographer of the Greek philosophers. Little is definitively known about his life\, but his surviving work\, Liv es and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers\, remains a primary source for the history of ancient Greek philosophy. His reputation is controversial amon g scholars because he often repeats information from his sources without c ritically evaluating it. In many cases\, he focuses on insignificant detai ls of his subjects' lives while ignoring important details of their philos ophical teachings and he sometimes fails to distinguish between earlier an d later teachings of specific philosophical schools. However\, unlike many other ancient secondary sources\, Diogenes Laërtius tends to report phil osophical teachings without trying to reinterpret or expand on them\, and so his accounts are often closer to the primary sources. Due to the loss o f so many of the primary sources on which Diogenes relied\, his work has b ecome the foremost surviving source on the history of Greek philosophy.\n\ nc. 180 – c. 240\; died at about 60.\nAlive at the same time as Tertulli an\, Septimius Severus\, Diophantus of Alexandria\, Cyprian\, and Nagarjun a.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius SUMMARY:Diogenes Laërtius · c. 180–c. 240 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-porphyry-q203445 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:02330101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:03020101 DESCRIPTION:Porphyry was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher born in Tyre\ , Roman Phoenicia during Roman rule. He edited and published the Enneads\, the only collection of the work of Plotinus\, his teacher.\n\n233 – 301 \; died at about 68.\nAlive at the same time as Constantine the Great\, Or igen\, Diophantus of Alexandria\, Cyprian\, and Nagarjuna.\n\nhttps://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_of_Tyre SUMMARY:Porphyry · 233–301 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-mozi-q272411 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-04690101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-03890101 DESCRIPTION:Mozi\, personal name Mo Di\,\nwas a Chinese philosopher\, logic ian\, and the founder of the Mohist school of thought\, making him one of the most important figures of the Warring States period. Alongside Confuci anism\, Mohism became the most prominent organized school of the Hundred S chools of Thought throughout the period. The Mozi is an anthology of writi ngs traditionally attributed to Mozi and to his followers. Mohism is consi dered to be the oldest form of Monotheistic thought developed indigenously in Historical China.\n\n470 BC – 391 BC\; died at about 79.\nAlive at t he same time as The Buddha\, Sophocles\, Hippocrates\, Thucydides\, and Pl ato.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi SUMMARY:Mozi · 470–391 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-bodhidharma-q187172 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:04400101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:05410101 DESCRIPTION:Bodhidharma was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitte r of Chan Buddhism to China\, and is regarded as its first Chinese patriar ch. He is also popularly regarded as the founder of Shaolin kung fu\, an i dea popularized in the 20th century\, but based on the 17th-century Yijin Jing and the Daoist association of daoyin gymnastics with Bodhidharma.\n\n 440 – 540\; died at about 100.\nAlive at the same time as Justinian I\, Aryabhata\, Brendan the Navigator\, Boethius\, and Benedict of Nursia.\n\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma SUMMARY:Bodhidharma · 440–540 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-arrian-q31845 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:00890101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:01810101 DESCRIPTION:Arrian\, also known as Arrian of Nicomedia\, was a Greek histor ian\, public servant\, military commander\, and philosopher of the Roman p eriod.\n\n89 – 180\; died at about 90.\nAlive at the same time as Marcus Aurelius\, Ptolemy\, John the Apostle\, Apuleius\, and Plutarch.\n\nhttps ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrian SUMMARY:Arrian · 89–180 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-johannes-scotus-eriugena-q184500 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:08041231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:08780101 DESCRIPTION:John Scotus Eriugena\, also known as Johannes Scotus Erigena\, John the Scot or John the Irish-born\, was an Irish Neoplatonist philosoph er\, theologian and poet of the Early Middle Ages. Bertrand Russell dubbed him "the most astonishing person of the ninth century". The Stanford Ency clopedia of Philosophy states that he "is the most significant Irish intel lectual of the early monastic period. He is generally recognized to be bot h the outstanding philosopher of the Carolingian era and of the whole peri od of Latin philosophy stretching from Boethius to Anselm".\n\nc. 800 – 877\; died at about 77.\nAlive at the same time as Muḥammad ibn Musa al- Khwarizmi\, Alfred the Great\, Jabir ibn Hayyan\, Al-Shafi'i\, and Ādi Sh ankara.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena SUMMARY:Johannes Scotus Eriugena · c. 800–877 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-jean-bodin-q190944 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15300101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:15970101 DESCRIPTION:Jean Bodin was a French jurist and political philosopher\, memb er of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law at the University of Tou louse. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation and wrote against the background of religious conflict in France. He seemed to be a nominal Catholic throughout his life but was critical of papal autho rity over governments. Known for his theory of sovereignty\, he favoured t he strong central control of a national monarchy as an antidote to faction al strife.\n\n1530 – 1596\; died at about 65.\nAlive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Michelangelo\, Martin Luther\, Nicolaus Copernicus\ , and Elizabeth I of England.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin SUMMARY:Jean Bodin · 1530–1596 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-sextus-empiricus-q236594 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:02491231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:03500101 DESCRIPTION:Sextus Empiricus was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship. His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism\, an d because of the arguments they contain against the other Hellenistic phil osophies\, they are also a major source of information about those philoso phies.\n\nc. 200 – c. 300\; died at about 100.\nAlive at the same time a s Constantine the Great\, Ambrose\, Diophantus of Alexandria\, Ausonius\, and Plotinus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus SUMMARY:Sextus Empiricus · c. 200–c. 300 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-proclus-q271809 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:04120209 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:04850419 DESCRIPTION:Proclus Lycius\, called Proclus the Successor\, was a Greek Neo platonic philosopher\, one of the last major classical philosophers of lat e antiquity. He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed sy stems of Neoplatonism and\, through later interpreters and translators\, e xerted an influence on Byzantine philosophy\, early Islamic philosophy\, s cholastic philosophy\, and German idealism\, especially G. W. F. Hegel\, w ho called Proclus's Platonic Theology "the true turning point or transitio n from ancient to modern times\, from ancient philosophy to Christianity." \n\nFebruary 9\, 412 – April 18\, 485\; died at 73.\nAlive at the same t ime as Augustine of Hippo\, Clovis I\, Anthemius of Tralles\, Theodoric th e Great\, and Honorius.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus SUMMARY:Proclus · 412–485 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-posidonius-q185770 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-01340101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-00490101 DESCRIPTION:Posidonius was a Greek politician\, astronomer\, astrologer\, g eographer\, historian\, mathematician\, and teacher native to Apamea\, Syr ia. He was considered the most learned man of his time and\, possibly\, of the entire Stoic school.\n\n135 BC – 51 BC\; died at about 84.\nAlive a t the same time as Julius Caesar\, Virgil\, Hipparchus\, Augustus\, and Ci cero.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius SUMMARY:Posidonius · 135–51 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-otto-weininger-q78513 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18800403 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19031005 DESCRIPTION:Otto Weininger was an Austrian philosopher who in 1903 publishe d the book Geschlecht und Charakter\, which gained popularity after his su icide at the age of 23. Weininger had a strong influence on Ludwig Wittgen stein\, August Strindberg\, and\, via his lesser-known work Über die letz ten Dinge\, on James Joyce.\n\nApril 3\, 1880 – October 4\, 1903\; died at 23.\nAlive at the same time as Adolf Hitler\, Albert Einstein\, Leo Tol stoy\, Vincent van Gogh\, and Joseph Stalin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Otto_Weininger SUMMARY:Otto Weininger · 1880–1903 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-iamblichus-q310916 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:02400101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:03210101 DESCRIPTION:Iamblichus was a Syrian Arab Neoplatonic philosopher who determ ined a direction later taken by Neoplatonism. Iamblichus was also the biog rapher of the Greek mystic\, philosopher\, and mathematician Pythagoras. I n addition to his philosophical contributions\, his Protrepticus is import ant for the study of the sophists because it preserved about ten pages of an otherwise unknown sophist\, whose name is not mentioned and who is curr ently known as "Anonymus Iamblichi".\n\n240 – 320\; died at about 80.\nA live at the same time as Constantine the Great\, Sylvester I\, Diophantus of Alexandria\, Cyprian\, and Nagarjuna.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Iamblichus SUMMARY:Iamblichus · 240–320 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-chrysippus-of-soli-q211411 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-02800101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02020101 DESCRIPTION:Chrysippus of Soli was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a nati ve of Soli\, Cilicia\, but moved to Athens as a young man\, where he becam e a pupil of the Stoic philosopher Cleanthes. When Cleanthes died\, around 230 BC\, Chrysippus became the third head of the Stoic school. A prolific writer\, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Cleanthes' ment or Zeno of Citium\, the founder and first head of the school\, which earne d him the title of the Second Founder of Stoicism.\n\n281 BC – 204 BC\; died at about 77.\nAlive at the same time as Archimedes\, Qin Shi Huang\, Plautus\, Ashoka\, and Epicurus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysipp us SUMMARY:Chrysippus of Soli · 281–204 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-pittacus-of-mytilene-q311835 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-06461231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-05650101 DESCRIPTION:Pittacus of Mytilene was a military general and one of the Seve n Sages of Greece.\n\nc. 650 BC – c. 570 BC\; died at about 80.\nAlive a t the same time as Cyrus the Great\, Sappho\, Zoroaster\, Pythagoras\, and Thales.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene SUMMARY:Pittacus of Mytilene · c. 650–c. 570 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-ibn-hazm-q317787 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:09941112 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:10640822 DESCRIPTION:Ibn Ḥazm was an Andalusi Muslim polymath\, historian\, tradit ionist\, jurist\, philosopher\, and theologian\, born in the Córdoban Cal iphate\, present-day Spain. Described as one of the strictest hadith inter preters\, Ibn Hazm was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri scho ol of Islamic jurisprudence\, and produced a reported 400 works\, of which 40 still survive.\n\nNovember 12\, 994 – August 21\, 1064\; died at 69. \nAlive at the same time as Avicenna\, Murasaki Shikibu\, William the Conq ueror\, Leif Erikson\, and Anselm of Canterbury.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Ibn_Hazm SUMMARY:Ibn Hazm · 994–1064 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-nikolay-dobrolyubov-q311459 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18360129 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18620101 DESCRIPTION:Nikolay Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov was a Russian poet\, literary critic\, journalist\, and prominent figure of the Russian revolutionary m ovement. He was a literary hero to both Karl Marx and Lenin.\n\nJanuary 29 \, 1836 – 1861\; died at about 24.\nAlive at the same time as Abraham Li ncoln\, Leo Tolstoy\, Charles Darwin\, Frédéric Chopin\, and Karl Marx.\ n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dobrolyubov SUMMARY:Nikolay Dobrolyubov · 1836–1861 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-anacharsis-q325026 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-06511231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-05500101 DESCRIPTION:Anacharsis was a Scythian prince and philosopher of uncertain h istoricity who lived in the 6th century BC.\n\nc. 700 BC – c. 600 BC\; d ied at about 100.\nAlive at the same time as The Buddha\, Cyrus the Great\ , Sappho\, Pythagoras\, and Thales.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anach arsis SUMMARY:Anacharsis · c. 700–c. 600 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-madhvacharya-q335371 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11900101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12790101 DESCRIPTION:Madhvacharya\, also known as Purna Prajna and Ānanda Tīrtha\, was an Indian philosopher\, theologian and the chief proponent of the Dva ita (dualism) school of Vedanta. Madhva called his philosophy Tattvavāda meaning "arguments from a realist viewpoint".\nMadhvacharya was born at Pa jaka near Udupi on the west coast of Karnataka state in 13th-century India . As a teenager\, he became a Sanyasi (monk) joining Brahma-sampradaya gur u Achyutapreksha\, of the Ekadandi order. Madhva studied the classics of H indu philosophy\, and wrote commentaries on the Principal Upanishads\, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras (Prasthanatrayi)\, and is credited wi th thirty seven works in Sanskrit. His writing style was of extreme brevit y and condensed expression. His greatest work is considered to be the Anuv yakhyana\, a philosophical supplement to his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras c omposed with a poetic structure. In some of his works\, he proclaimed hims elf to be an avatar of Vayu\, the son of god Vishnu\, however\, the textua l basis cited for some such claims has been questioned in modern scholarsh ip\, especially by Roque Mesquita\, who argued that a number of scriptural sources adduced by Madhva in support of this and other doctrines are untr aceable and were likely composed by Madhva himself under what he believed to be divine inspiration.\nMadhvacharya was a critic of Adi Shankara's Adv aita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta teachings. He toured I ndia several times\, visiting places such as Badrinath\, Bengal\, Varanasi \, Dwaraka\, Goa and Kanyakumari\, engaging in philosophical debates and v isiting Hindu centres of learning. Madhva established the Krishna Mutt at Udupi with a murti secured from Dwarka Gujarat in 1285 CE.\n\n1190 – 127 8\; died at about 88.\nAlive at the same time as Dante Alighieri\, Marco P olo\, Genghis Khan\, Francis of Assisi\, and Fibonacci.\n\nhttps://en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharya SUMMARY:Madhvacharya · 1190–1278 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-apollonius-of-tyana-q297040 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:00150101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:01010101 DESCRIPTION:Apollonius of Tyana was a Greek philosopher and religious leade r from the town of Tyana\, Cappadocia in Roman Anatolia\, who spent his li fe travelling and teaching in the Middle East\, North Africa and India. He is a central figure in Neopythagoreanism and was one of the most famous " miracle workers" of his day.\n\n15 – 100\; died at about 84.\nAlive at t he same time as Jesus Christ\, Ptolemy\, Nero\, Pliny the Elder\, and Paul the Apostle.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana SUMMARY:Apollonius of Tyana · 15–100 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-francisco-suarez-q316339 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15480115 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:16170926 DESCRIPTION:Francisco Suárez was a Spanish Jesuit priest\, philosopher and theologian\, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca moveme nt. His work is considered a turning point in the history of second schola sticism\, marking the transition from its Renaissance to its Baroque phase s. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz\, "figures as dist inct from one another in place\, time\, and philosophical orientation as L eibniz\, Grotius\, Pufendorf\, Schopenhauer and Heidegger\, all found reas on to cite him as a source of inspiration and influence."\n\nJanuary 15\, 1548 – September 25\, 1617\; died at 69.\nAlive at the same time as Will iam Shakespeare\, Michelangelo\, Elizabeth I of England\, Johannes Kepler\ , and John Calvin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez SUMMARY:Francisco Suárez · 1548–1617 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-jean-buridan-q275500 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:12950101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:13590101 DESCRIPTION:Jean Buridan was an influential 14th‑century French scholasti c philosopher.\n\n1295 – 1358\; died at about 63.\nAlive at the same tim e as Dante Alighieri\, Marco Polo\, William of Ockham\, Giotto\, and Edwar d I of England.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan SUMMARY:Jean Buridan · 1295–1358 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-judah-halevi-q299200 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:10750101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11420101 DESCRIPTION:Judah haLevi was a Sephardic Jewish poet\, physician and philos opher. HaLevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew-language poets and is celebrated for his secular and religious poems\, many of which appear i n present-day Jewish liturgy.\n\n1075 – 1141\; died at about 66.\nAlive at the same time as Omar Khayyám\, Averroes\, William the Conqueror\, Ans elm of Canterbury\, and Zhu Xi.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Hal evi SUMMARY:Judah Halevi · 1075–1141 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-nicole-oresme-q310777 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:13230109 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:13820720 DESCRIPTION:Nicole Oresme\, also known as Nicolas Oresme\, Nicholas Oresme\ , or Nicolas d'Oresme\, was a French philosopher of the later Middle Ages. He wrote influential works on economics\, mathematics\, physics\, astrolo gy\, astronomy\, philosophy\, and theology. He was Bishop of Lisieux\, a t ranslator\, a counselor of King Charles V of France\, and one of the most original thinkers of 14th-century Europe.\n\nJanuary 9\, 1323 – July 19\ , 1382\; died at 59.\nAlive at the same time as Geoffrey Chaucer\, Ibn Bat tuta\, Jan Hus\, Giotto\, and Bayezid I.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nicole_Oresme SUMMARY:Nicole Oresme · 1323–1382 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-pseudo-dionysius-the-areopagite-q312816 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:05491231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:06500101 DESCRIPTION:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\, Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagi te or Pseudo-Denys is the pseudonymous name used by a Syrian or Greek monk \, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to ear ly 6th century\, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticu m or Corpus Dionysiacum. Through his writing in Mystical Theology\, he has been identified as the "progenitor of apophatic or negative theology."\n\ nc. 500 – c. 600\; died at about 100.\nAlive at the same time as Muhamma d\, Umar ibn Al-Khattāb\, Brahmagupta\, Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib\, and Abu Bakr.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite SUMMARY:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite · c. 500–c. 600 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-francis-hutcheson-q316367 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16940808 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17470101 DESCRIPTION:Francis Hutcheson was an Irish philosopher widely regarded as o ne of the key figures of the early Scottish Enlightenment. He served as Pr ofessor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow and was a major a dvocate of moral sense theory\, which holds that humans possess an innate sense that guides moral judgments. Hutcheson is best known for his ethical writings\, in which he defends benevolence as the primary source of moral virtue and anticipates later utilitarian theories with his formulation of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number".\n\nAugust 8\, 1694 – 1746\; died at about 51.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\, George Washington\, Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, and Immanuel Kant.\n\nhttp s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher) SUMMARY:Francis Hutcheson · 1694–1746 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-robert-grosseteste-q256541 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11680101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:12531018 DESCRIPTION:Robert Grosseteste\, also known as Robert Greathead or Robert o f Lincoln\, was an English statesman\, scholastic philosopher\, theologian \, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents in Suffo lk\, but the association with the village of Stradbroke is a post-medieval tradition. Upon his death\, he was revered as a saint in England\, but at tempts to procure a formal canonisation failed. A. C. Crombie called him "the real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in medieval Oxfor d\, and in some ways\, of the modern English intellectual tradition". As a theologian\, however\, he contributed to increasing hostility to Jews and Judaism\, and spread the accusation that Jews had purposefully suppressed prophetic knowledge of the coming of Christ\, through his translation of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.\n\n1168 – October 17\, 1253\; d ied at about 85.\nAlive at the same time as Genghis Khan\, Rumi\, Francis of Assisi\, Fibonacci\, and Thomas Aquinas.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Robert_Grosseteste SUMMARY:Robert Grosseteste · 1168–1253 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-toland-q335820 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:16701130 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17220312 DESCRIPTION:John Toland was an Irish rationalist philosopher and freethinke r\, and occasional satirist\, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on po litical philosophy and philosophy of religion\, which are early expression s of the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment. Born in Ireland\, he was educated at the universities of Glasgow\, Edinburgh\, Leiden and Oxford an d was influenced by the philosophy of John Locke.\n\nNovember 30\, 1670 – March 11\, 1722\; died at 51.\nAlive at the same time as Isaac Newton\ , Johann Sebastian Bach\, Voltaire\, Benjamin Franklin\, and Carl Linnaeus .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland SUMMARY:John Toland · 1670–1722 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-francisco-de-vitoria-q312384 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:14800101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:15460823 DESCRIPTION:Francisco de Vitoria\, also known as Francisco de Victoria\, wa s a Spanish Catholic philosopher\, theologian\, and jurist of Renaissance Spain. He is the founder of the tradition in philosophy known as the Schoo l of Salamanca\, which laid the groundwork for early free-market economics and individual rights\, influencing the development of libertarian though t. Vitoria's work on natural law and the freedom of exchange contributed t o later Austrian School economists' emphasis on the moral basis for volunt ary commerce. Although less known than others of his kind\, he has been co nsidered one of the most influential humanists of the Renaissance.\n\n1480 – August 22\, 1546\; died at about 66.\nAlive at the same time as Leona rdo da Vinci\, Michelangelo\, Martin Luther\, Christopher Columbus\, and N iccolò Machiavelli.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria SUMMARY:Francisco de Vitoria · 1480–1546 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-strato-of-lampsacus-q316353 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:-03340101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:-02670101 DESCRIPTION:Strato of Lampsacus was a Peripatetic philosopher\, and the thi rd director (scholarch) of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastus. He devoted himself especially to the study of natural science\, and increased the naturalistic elements in Aristotle's thought to such an extent\, that he denied the need for an active god to construct the universe\, preferri ng to place the government of the universe in the unconscious force of nat ure alone.\n\n335 BC – 269 BC\; died at about 65.\nAlive at the same tim e as Alexander the Great\, Archimedes\, Chanakya\, Apelles\, and Aristotle .\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus SUMMARY:Strato of Lampsacus · 335–269 BC END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-bernardino-telesio-q457986 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15091117 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:15890101 DESCRIPTION:Bernardino Telesio was an Italian philosopher and natural scien tist. While his natural theories were later disproven\, his emphasis on ob servation made him the "first of the moderns" who eventually developed the scientific method.\n\nNovember 17\, 1509 – 1588\; died at about 78.\nAl ive at the same time as William Shakespeare\, Leonardo da Vinci\, Michelan gelo\, Martin Luther\, and Niccolò Machiavelli.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Bernardino_Telesio SUMMARY:Bernardino Telesio · 1509–1588 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-abu-ma-shar-al-balkhi-q11373 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:07870814 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:08870101 DESCRIPTION:Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi\, Latinized as Albumasar\, was an early Persian Muslim astrologer\, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad. While he was not a major innovator\, his practic al manuals for training astrologers profoundly influenced Muslim intellect ual history and\, through translations\, that of western Europe and Byzant ium.\n\nAugust 14\, 787 – 886\; died at about 98.\nAlive at the same tim e as Charlemagne\, Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\, Abu Nuwas\, Al-Shafi 'i\, and Alfred the Great.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_ al-Balkhi SUMMARY:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi · 787–886 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-philoponus-q317632 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:04900101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:05710101 DESCRIPTION:John Philoponus\, also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria\, was a Greek-speaking philologist\, Aristotelian commentator a nd Christian theologian from Alexandria\, Byzantine Egypt\, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works. John Philoponus broke from the Aristotelian–Neoplatonic tradition\, questioning methodol ogy and eventually leading to empiricism in the natural sciences. He was o ne of the first to propose a "theory of impetus" similar to the modern con cept of inertia over Aristotelian dynamics. He is also the historical foun der of what is now called the Kalam cosmological argument.\n\n490 – 570\ ; died at about 80.\nAlive at the same time as Justinian I\, Gregory I\, A ryabhata\, Boethius\, and Benedict of Nursia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/John_Philoponus SUMMARY:John Philoponus · 490–570 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-adelard-of-bath-q312372 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:10750101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11610101 DESCRIPTION:Adelard of Bath was a 12th-century English natural philosopher. He is known both for his original works and for translating many importan t Greek scientific works of astrology\, astronomy\, philosophy\, alchemy a nd mathematics into Latin from Arabic versions\, which were then introduce d to Western Europe. The oldest surviving Latin translation of Euclid's El ements is a 12th-century translation by Adelard from an Arabic version. He is known as one of the first to introduce the Arabic numeral system to Eu rope. He stands at the convergence of three intellectual schools: the trad itional learning of French schools\, the Greek culture of Southern Italy\, and the Arabic science of the East.\n\n1075 – 1160\; died at about 84.\ nAlive at the same time as Omar Khayyám\, Saladin\, Averroes\, Anselm of Canterbury\, and Zhu Xi.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath SUMMARY:Adelard of Bath · 1075–1160 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-simplicius-of-cilicia-q351518 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:04800101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:05610101 DESCRIPTION:Simplicius of Cilicia was a Byzantine philosopher\, a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius\, and one of the last of the Neoplatonis ts. He was among the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the ear ly 6th century\, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian c ourt\, before being allowed back into the Byzantine Empire. He wrote exten sively on the works of Aristotle. Although his writings are all commentari es on Aristotle and other authors\, rather than original compositions\, hi s intelligent and prodigious learning makes him the last great philosopher of pagan antiquity. His works have preserved much information about earli er philosophers which would have otherwise been lost.\n\n480 – 560\; die d at about 80.\nAlive at the same time as Justinian I\, Gregory I\, Aryabh ata\, Boethius\, and Benedict of Nursia.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Simplicius_of_Cilicia SUMMARY:Simplicius of Cilicia · 480–560 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-basava-q771686 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11340101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11970101 DESCRIPTION:Basava (1131–1196)\, also called Basavēśvara and Basavaṇ ṇa\, was an Indian philosopher\, poet\, Lingayat social reformer in the Shiva-focused bhakti movement\, and a Hindu Shaivite social reformer durin g the reign of the Kalyani Chalukya and the Kalachuri Dynasty. Basava was active during the rule of both dynasties\, but his influence peaked during the reign of King Bijjala II in Karnataka\, India.\n\n1134 – 1196\; die d at about 61.\nAlive at the same time as Genghis Khan\, Francis of Assisi \, Averroes\, Fibonacci\, and Saladin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba sava SUMMARY:Basava · 1134–1196 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-roscellinus-q297435 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:10500101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11220101 DESCRIPTION:Roscelin of Compiègne\, better known by his Latinized name Ros cellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus\, was a French philosopher and theolog ian\, often regarded as the founder of nominalism.\n\n1050 – 1121\; died at about 71.\nAlive at the same time as Omar Khayyám\, William the Conqu eror\, Anselm of Canterbury\, Su Shi\, and Peter Abelard.\n\nhttps://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Roscellinus SUMMARY:Roscellinus · 1050–1121 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-john-of-salisbury-q264028 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:11141231 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:11801102 DESCRIPTION:John of Salisbury\, who described himself as Johannes Parvus\, was an English author\, philosopher\, educationalist\, diplomat and bishop of Chartres. The historian Hans Liebeschuetz described him as one of the most notable figures of the "medieval Renaissance" of the 12th century.\n\ nc. 1110 – November 1\, 1180\; died at about 70.\nAlive at the same time as Genghis Khan\, Omar Khayyám\, Averroes\, Bernard of Clairvaux\, and S aladin.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury SUMMARY:John of Salisbury · c. 1110–1180 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-petrus-ramus-q376124 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:15150101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:15720906 DESCRIPTION:Petrus Ramus was a French humanist\, logician\, and educational reformer. A prominent and controversial academic and professor in Paris' College De France\, Ramus became famous for his iconoclastic critiques of Aristotle\, Cicero\, and Quintilian. Ramus argued that dialectic should be removed or separated from the purview of rhetoric\, a stance which signif icantly narrowed rhetorical theory's scope. A convert to Protestantism\, h e was a victim of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.\n\n1515 – Septembe r 5\, 1572\; died at about 57.\nAlive at the same time as Michelangelo\, M artin Luther\, Miguel de Cervantes\, Niccolò Machiavelli\, and Nicolaus C opernicus.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Ramus SUMMARY:Petrus Ramus · 1515–1572 END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T013441Z UID:philosophers-hasdai-crescas-q528415 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:13400101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:14110101 DESCRIPTION:Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas was a Spanish-Jewish philosopher and a renowned halakhist. Along with Maimonides ("Rambam")\, Gersonides ("Ral bag")\, and Joseph Albo\, he is known as one of the major practitioners of the rationalist approach to Jewish philosophy.\n\n1340 – 1410\; died at about 70.\nAlive at the same time as Johannes Gutenberg\, Geoffrey Chauce r\, Ibn Battuta\, Jan Hus\, and Jan van Eyck.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Hasdai_Crescas SUMMARY:Hasdai Crescas · 1340–1410 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR