BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:icalendar-ruby CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:charles-evans-whittaker DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19570322 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19620401 DESCRIPTION:Charles Evans Whittaker was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1957 to 1962. After working in private practice in Kansas City\, Missouri\, he was nominated for the United States Distric t Court for the Western District of Missouri. In 1956\, President Dwight D . Eisenhower nominated Whittaker to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. In 1957\, he won confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States\, thus becoming the first individual to serve as a judg e on a federal district court\, a federal court of appeals\, and the Unite d States Supreme Court. During his brief tenure on the Warren Court\, Whit taker emerged as a swing vote. In 1962\, he had a nervous breakdown and re signed from the court. After leaving the Supreme Court\, he served as chie f counsel to General Motors and frequently criticized the Civil Rights Mov ement and the Warren Court.\n\nBorn: February 22\, 1901\nDied: November 26 \, 1973\nIn office: March 22\, 1957 – March 31\, 1962\nhttps://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker SUMMARY:Charles Evans Whittaker END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:elena-kagan DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20100807 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Elena Kagan is an American lawyer who serves as an associate ju stice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was appointed in 2010 by President Barack Obama and is the fourth woman to serve on the Court.\ n\nBorn: April 28\, 1960\nIn office: August 7\, 2010 – present\nhttps:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan SUMMARY:Elena Kagan END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:sonia-sotomayor DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20090808 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Sonia Maria Sotomayor is an American lawyer and jurist who serv es as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26\, 2009\, and has served since August 8\, 2009. She is the third woman U.S. Supreme Court justice.\ n\nBorn: June 25\, 1954\nIn office: August 8\, 2009 – present\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor SUMMARY:Sonia Sotomayor END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-paul-stevens DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19751219 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20100630 DESCRIPTION:John Paul Stevens was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 197 5 to 2010. He was the second-oldest and fourth-longest-serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history. At the time of his death in 2019 at age 99\, h e was the longest-lived Supreme Court justice ever. His long tenure saw hi m write for the Court on most issues of American law\, including civil lib erties\, the death penalty\, government action\, and intellectual property . Despite being a registered Republican who throughout his life identified as a conservative\, Stevens was considered to have been on the liberal si de of the Court at the time of his retirement.\n\nBorn: April 20\, 1920\nD ied: July 16\, 2019\nIn office: December 19\, 1975 – June 29\, 2010\nhtt ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens SUMMARY:John Paul Stevens END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:ruth-bader-ginsburg DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19930810 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20200919 DESCRIPTION:Joan Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States f rom 1993 until her death in 2020. She was nominated by President Bill Clin ton to replace retiring justice Byron White\, and at the time was viewed a s a moderate consensus-builder. Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman and th e second woman to serve on the Court\, after Sandra Day O'Connor. During h er tenure\, Ginsburg authored the majority opinions in cases such as Unite d States v. Virginia (1996)\, Olmstead v. L.C. (1999)\, Friends of the E arth\, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services\, Inc. (2000)\, and City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005). Later in her tenure \, Ginsburg received attention for passionate dissents that reflected libe ral views of the law.\n\nBorn: March 15\, 1933\nDied: September 18\, 2020\ nIn office: August 10\, 1993 – September 18\, 2020\nhttps://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg SUMMARY:Ruth Bader Ginsburg END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:stephen-breyer DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19940803 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20220701 DESCRIPTION:Stephen Gerald Breyer is an American lawyer and jurist who serv ed as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1994 until his r etirement in 2022. He was nominated by President Bill Clinton\, and replac ed retiring justice Harry Blackmun. Breyer was generally associated with t he liberal wing of the Court. Since his retirement\, he has been the Byrne Professor of Administrative Law and Process at Harvard Law School.\n\nBor n: August 15\, 1938\nIn office: August 3\, 1994 – June 30\, 2022\nhttps: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer SUMMARY:Stephen Breyer END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:sandra-day-o-connor DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19810921 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20060201 DESCRIPTION:Sandra Day O'Connor was an American attorney\, politician\, and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Uni ted States from 1981 to 2006. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan\, O'Con nor was the first woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. A modera te conservative\, she was considered a swing vote. Before O'Connor's tenur e on the Court\, she was an Arizona state judge and earlier an elected leg islator in Arizona\, serving as the first female majority leader of a stat e senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. Upon her nominati on to the Court\, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate.\n\nBorn: March 26\, 1930\nDied: December 1\, 2023\nIn office: Sept ember 21\, 1981 – January 31\, 2006\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandr a_Day_O%27Connor SUMMARY:Sandra Day O'Connor END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:samuel-alito DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20060131 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20270102 DESCRIPTION:Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nomin ated to the high court by President George W. Bush on October 31\, 2005\, and has served on it since January 31\, 2006. After Antonin Scalia\, Alito is the second Italian American justice to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court .\n\nBorn: 1950\nIn office: January 31\, 2006 – January 1\, 2027\nhttps: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito SUMMARY:Samuel Alito END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:clarence-thomas DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19911023 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Clarence Thomas is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1 991. Nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall \, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the U.S. Supreme Cour t and the second longest-serving U.S. Supreme Court justice in history.\n\ nBorn: June 23\, 1948\nIn office: October 23\, 1991 – present\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas SUMMARY:Clarence Thomas END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-roberts-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20050929 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:John Glover Roberts Jr. is an American jurist who has served si nce 2005 as the 17th chief justice of the United States. Though primarily an institutionalist\, he has been described as having a moderate conservat ive judicial philosophy. Regarded as a swing vote in some cases\, Roberts has presided over an ideological shift toward conservative jurisprudence o n the high court\, in which he has authored key opinions.\n\nBorn: January 27\, 1955\nIn office: September 29\, 2005 – present\nhttps://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/John_Roberts SUMMARY:John Roberts (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:antonin-scalia DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19860926 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20160214 DESCRIPTION:Antonin Gregory Scalia was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 unti l his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the o riginalist and textualist position in the Court's conservative wing. For c atalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law\, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth cen tury\, and one of the most important justices in the history of the Suprem e Court. Scalia was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018\, and the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University wa s named in his honor.\n\nBorn: March 11\, 1936\nDied: February 13\, 2016\n In office: September 26\, 1986 – February 13\, 2016\nhttps://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia SUMMARY:Antonin Scalia END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:anthony-kennedy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19880218 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20180801 DESCRIPTION:Anthony McLeod Kennedy is an American lawyer who served as an a ssociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1988 until his retirement in 2018. He was nominated to the court in 1987 by Presiden t Ronald Reagan\, and after being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate was sworn in on February 18\, 1988. After the retirement of Sandra Day O' Connor in 2006\, he was considered the swing vote on many of the Roberts C ourt's 5–4 decisions.\n\nBorn: July 23\, 1936\nIn office: February 18\, 1988 – July 31\, 2018\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy SUMMARY:Anthony Kennedy END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:stephen-johnson-field DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18630310 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18971202 DESCRIPTION:Stephen Johnson Field was an American jurist. He was an Associa te Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1863 to 1897\, and prio r to that\, he was the fifth Chief Justice of California. He had the third -longest tenure of any justice and is the only justice who served contempo raneously with one of their relatives\, his nephew\, David J. Brewer.\n\nB orn: November 4\, 1816\nDied: April 9\, 1899\nIn office: March 10\, 1863 – December 1\, 1897\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field SUMMARY:Stephen Johnson Field END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:peter-vivian-daniel DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18420110 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18600601 DESCRIPTION:Peter Vivian Daniel was an American jurist who served as an ass ociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\nBorn: April 2 4\, 1784\nDied: May 31\, 1860\nIn office: January 10\, 1842 – May 31\, 1 860\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel SUMMARY:Peter Vivian Daniel END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:james-moore-wayne DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18350114 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18670706 DESCRIPTION:James Moore Wayne was an American attorney\, judge and politici an who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United S tates from 1835 to 1867. He previously served as the sixteenth mayor of Sa vannah\, Georgia\, from 1817 to 1819 and the member of the United States H ouse of Representatives for Georgia's at-large congressional district from 1829 to 1835\, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court by President An drew Jackson. He was a member of the Democratic Party.\n\nBorn: 1790\nDied : July 5\, 1867\nIn office: January 14\, 1835 – July 5\, 1867\nhttps://e n.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Wayne SUMMARY:James Moore Wayne END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:smith-thompson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18230901 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18431219 DESCRIPTION:Smith Thompson was a US Secretary of the Navy from 1819 to 1823 and a US Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1823 to his death.\n\nBorn: January 17\, 1768\nDied: December 18\, 1843\nIn office: September 1\, 182 3 – December 18\, 1843\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Thompson SUMMARY:Smith Thompson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:edward-terry-sanford DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19230129 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19300309 DESCRIPTION:Edward Terry Sanford was an American jurist who served as an as sociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his death in 1930. Prior to his nomination to the high court\, Sanford ser ved as a United States Assistant Attorney General under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1905 to 1907\, and as a United States district judge of th e United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and t he United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee from 1908 to 1923. As of July 2026\, he is the last sitting district court judg e to be elevated directly to the Supreme Court.\n\nBorn: July 23\, 1865\nD ied: March 8\, 1930\nIn office: January 29\, 1923 – March 8\, 1930\nhttp s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford SUMMARY:Edward Terry Sanford END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:harry-blackmun DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19700609 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19940804 DESCRIPTION:Harold Andrew Blackmun was an American lawyer and jurist who se rved as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States fro m 1970 to 1994. Appointed by President Richard Nixon\, Blackmun ultimately became one of the most liberal justices on the Court. He is best known as the author of the Court's opinion in Roe v. Wade.\n\nBorn: November 12\, 1908\nDied: March 4\, 1999\nIn office: June 9\, 1970 – August 3\, 1994\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackmun SUMMARY:Harry Blackmun END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:morrison-waite-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18740121 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18880324 DESCRIPTION:Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite was an American attorney\, jurist\ , and politician from Ohio who served as the seventh chief justice of the United States from 1874 until his death in 1888. During his tenure\, the W aite Court took a narrow interpretation of federal authority related to la ws and amendments that were enacted during the Reconstruction Era to expan d the rights of freedmen and protect them from attacks by white supremacis t groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.\n\nBorn: November 29\, 1816\nDied: Marc h 23\, 1888\nIn office: January 21\, 1874 – March 23\, 1888\nhttps://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Waite SUMMARY:Morrison Waite (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:potter-stewart DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19581014 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19810704 DESCRIPTION:Potter Stewart was an American lawyer and judge who was an asso ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1958 to 1981. During his tenure\, he made major contributions to criminal justice reform\, civ il rights\, access to the courts\, and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.\n\n Born: January 23\, 1915\nDied: December 7\, 1985\nIn office: October 14\, 1958 – July 3\, 1981\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart SUMMARY:Potter Stewart END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:joseph-story DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18120203 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18450911 DESCRIPTION:Joseph Story was an American lawyer\, jurist\, and politician w ho served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United State s from 1812 to 1845. He is most remembered for his opinions in Martin v. H unter's Lessee and United States v. The Amistad\, and especially for his C ommentaries on the Constitution of the United States\, first published in 1833. Dominating the field in the 19th century\, this work is a cornerston e of early American jurisprudence. It is the second comprehensive treatise on the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and remains a critical source of historical information about the forming of the American republic and t he early struggles to define its law.\n\nBorn: September 18\, 1779\nDied: September 10\, 1845\nIn office: February 3\, 1812 – September 10\, 1845\ nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Story SUMMARY:Joseph Story END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-mclean DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18290307 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18610405 DESCRIPTION:John McLean was an American jurist and politician who served in the United States Congress\, as U.S. Postmaster General\, and as a justic e of the Ohio and United States Supreme Courts. He was often discussed for the Whig Party nominations for president\, and is also one of the few peo ple who served in all three branches of government.\n\nBorn: March 11\, 17 85\nDied: April 4\, 1861\nIn office: March 7\, 1829 – April 4\, 1861\nht tps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLean SUMMARY:John McLean END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-o-douglas DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19390417 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19751113 DESCRIPTION:William Orville Douglas was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1939 to 1975. Douglas was known for his strong progressive and civil libertarian v iews and is often cited as the most liberal justice in the U.S. Supreme Co urt’s history. Nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939\, Do uglas was confirmed at the age of 40\, becoming one of the youngest justic es appointed to the court. He is the longest-serving U.S. Supreme Court ju stice in history\, having served for 36 years and 209 days.\n\nBorn: Octob er 16\, 1898\nDied: January 19\, 1980\nIn office: April 17\, 1939 – Nove mber 12\, 1975\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas SUMMARY:William O. Douglas END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:pierce-butler DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19221221 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19391117 DESCRIPTION:Pierce Butler was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his dea th in 1939. He is notable for being the first Supreme Court justice from M innesota\, and for being a Democrat appointed by a Republican president. H e was a staunch conservative and was regarded as a part of the Four Horsem en\, the conservative bloc that dominated the Supreme Court during the 193 0s. A devout Catholic\, he was also the sole dissenter in the case Buck v. Bell\, though he did not write an opinion.\n\nBorn: March 17\, 1866\nDied : November 16\, 1939\nIn office: December 21\, 1922 – November 16\, 1939 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge) SUMMARY:Pierce Butler END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:felix-frankfurter DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19390120 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19620829 DESCRIPTION:Felix Frankfurter was an American jurist who served as an assoc iate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1939 until 1962\, advocating j udicial restraint.\n\nBorn: November 15\, 1882\nDied: February 22\, 1965\n In office: January 20\, 1939 – August 28\, 1962\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter SUMMARY:Felix Frankfurter END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:willis-van-devanter DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101216 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19370603 DESCRIPTION:Willis Van Devanter was an American lawyer who served as an ass ociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1911 to 1937 . He was a staunch conservative and was regarded as a part of the Four Hor semen\, the conservative bloc that dominated the Supreme Court during much of the 1930s.\n\nBorn: April 17\, 1859\nDied: February 8\, 1941\nIn offic e: December 16\, 1910 – June 2\, 1937\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil lis_Van_Devanter SUMMARY:Willis Van Devanter END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-johnson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18040507 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18340805 DESCRIPTION:William Johnson Jr. was an American attorney\, state legislator \, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of t he United States from 1804 until his death in 1834. When he was 32 years o ld\, Johnson was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Thomas Jeffer son. He was the first Jeffersonian Republican member of the Court as well as the second Justice from the state of South Carolina. During his tenure\ , Johnson restored the act of delivering seriatim opinions. He wrote about half of the dissents during the Marshall Court\, leading historians to ni ckname him the "first dissenter".\n\nBorn: 1771\nDied: August 4\, 1834\nIn office: May 7\, 1804 – August 4\, 1834\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W illiam_Johnson_(judge) SUMMARY:William Johnson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:gabriel-duvall DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18111118 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18350113 DESCRIPTION:Gabriel Duvall was an American politician and jurist. Duvall wa s an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1835\, during the Marshall Court. Previously\, Duvall was the Comptrol ler of the Treasury\, a Maryland state court judge\, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland\, and a Maryland state legislator.\ n\nBorn: December 6\, 1752\nDied: March 6\, 1844\nIn office: November 18\, 1811 – January 12\, 1835\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall SUMMARY:Gabriel Duvall END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:george-shiras-jr DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18920726 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19030224 DESCRIPTION:George Shiras Jr. was an American lawyer who served as an assoc iate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1892 to 1903. At that time of his appointment\, he had 37 years of private legal practic e but had never judged a case. He is noted for his conservative voting wit h the majority in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. and in Plessy v. Fe rguson.\n\nBorn: January 26\, 1832\nDied: September 2\, 1924\nIn office: J uly 26\, 1892 – February 23\, 1903\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George _Shiras_Jr. SUMMARY:George Shiras\, Jr. END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:george-sutherland DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19220905 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19380118 DESCRIPTION:George Alexander Sutherland was a British-born American jurist and politician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Cour t from 1922 to 1938. A member of the Republican Party\, he also represente d Utah in the U.S. Senate from 1905 to 1917 and in the House of Representa tives from 1901 to 1903.\n\nBorn: March 25\, 1862\nDied: July 18\, 1942\nI n office: September 5\, 1922 – January 17\, 1938\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/George_Sutherland SUMMARY:George Sutherland END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:noah-haynes-swayne DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18620124 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18810125 DESCRIPTION:Noah Haynes Swayne was an American jurist and politician. He wa s the first Republican appointed as a justice to the United States Supreme Court.\n\nBorn: December 7\, 1804\nDied: June 8\, 1884\nIn office: Januar y 24\, 1862 – January 24\, 1881\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Hayn es_Swayne SUMMARY:Noah Haynes Swayne END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:neil-gorsuch DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20170410 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Neil McGill Gorsuch is an American jurist who serves as an asso ciate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31\, 2017\, and has served since Apri l 10\, 2017.\n\nBorn: August 29\, 1967\nIn office: April 10\, 2017 – pre sent\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch SUMMARY:Neil Gorsuch END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:lucius-quintus-cincinnatus-lamar DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18880116 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18930124 DESCRIPTION:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II was an American politician\ , diplomat\, and jurist and former Confederate soldier and official. A mem ber of the Democratic Party\, he represented Mississippi in both houses of Congress\, served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior under President G rover Cleveland\, and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\nBorn: September 17\, 1825\nDied: January 23\, 1893\nIn office: January 16\, 1888 – January 23\, 1893\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar SUMMARY:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:joseph-p-bradley DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18700321 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18920123 DESCRIPTION:Joseph Philo Bradley was an American jurist who served as an as sociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1870 to 189 2. He was also a member of the Electoral Commission that decided the dispu ted 1876 United States presidential election.\n\nBorn: March 14\, 1813\nDi ed: January 22\, 1892\nIn office: March 21\, 1870 – January 22\, 1892\nh ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley SUMMARY:Joseph P. Bradley END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:henry-billings-brown DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18901229 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19060529 DESCRIPTION:Henry Billings Brown was an American jurist who served as an as sociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1891 to 190 6.\n\nBorn: March 2\, 1836\nDied: September 4\, 1913\nIn office: December 29\, 1890 – May 28\, 1906\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Billings_ Brown SUMMARY:Henry Billings Brown END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:henry-brockholst-livingston DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18061110 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18230319 DESCRIPTION:Henry Brockholst Livingston was an American Revolutionary War o fficer\, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an asso ciate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\nBorn: November 25\, 1757\nDied: March 18\, 1823\nIn office: November 10\, 1806 – March 18\, 1823\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston SUMMARY:Henry Brockholst Livingston END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:wiley-rutledge DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19430211 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19490911 DESCRIPTION:Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1943 t o 1949. The ninth and final justice appointed by President Franklin D. Roo sevelt\, he is best known for his impassioned defenses of civil liberties. Rutledge favored broad interpretations of the First Amendment\, the Due P rocess Clause\, and the Equal Protection Clause\, and he argued that the B ill of Rights applied in its totality to the states. He participated in se veral noteworthy cases involving the intersection of individual freedoms a nd the government's wartime powers. Rutledge served on the Court until his death at the age of fifty-five. Legal scholars have generally thought hig hly of the justice\, although the brevity of his tenure has minimized his impact on history.\n\nBorn: July 20\, 1894\nDied: September 10\, 1949\nIn office: February 11\, 1943 – September 10\, 1949\nhttps://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge SUMMARY:Wiley Rutledge END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:horace-gray DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18811220 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19020916 DESCRIPTION:Horace Gray was an American jurist who served on the Massachuse tts Supreme Judicial Court\, and then on the United States Supreme Court\, where he frequently interpreted the Constitution in ways that increased t he powers of Congress. He was a staunch supporter of the authority of prec edent throughout his career\, and would write landmark opinions in cases s uch as Elk v. Wilkins and United States v. Wong Kim Ark.\n\nBorn: March 24 \, 1828\nDied: September 15\, 1902\nIn office: December 20\, 1881 – Sept ember 15\, 1902\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Gray SUMMARY:Horace Gray END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:horace-harmon-lurton DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19091220 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19140713 DESCRIPTION:Horace Harmon Lurton was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Co urt of the United States and previously was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and of the Uni ted States Circuit Courts for the Sixth Circuit.\n\nBorn: February 26\, 18 44\nDied: July 12\, 1914\nIn office: December 20\, 1909 – July 12\, 1914 \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton SUMMARY:Horace Harmon Lurton END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:robert-cooper-grier DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18460804 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18700201 DESCRIPTION:Robert Cooper Grier was an American judge who served as an Asso ciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1846 to 1870. \n\nBorn: March 5\, 1794\nDied: September 25\, 1870\nIn office: August 4\, 1846 – January 31\, 1870\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cooper_G rier SUMMARY:Robert Cooper Grier END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:bushrod-washington DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17981220 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18291127 DESCRIPTION:Bushrod Washington was an American attorney and politician from the Washington family who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Cour t of the United States from 1798 to 1829. On the Supreme Court\, he was a staunch ally of Chief Justice John Marshall.\n\nBorn: June 5\, 1762\nDied: November 26\, 1829\nIn office: December 20\, 1798 – November 26\, 1829\ nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushrod_Washington SUMMARY:Bushrod Washington END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-archibald-campbell DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18530323 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18610501 DESCRIPTION:John Archibald Campbell was an American jurist. He was a succes sful lawyer in Georgia and Alabama\, where he served in the state legislat ure. Appointed by Franklin Pierce to the United States Supreme Court in 18 53\, he resigned at the beginning of the American Civil War\, traveled sou th and became an official of the Confederate States of America. After serv ing six months in a military prison at war's end\, he secured a pardon and resumed his law practice in New Orleans\, where he also opposed Reconstru ction.\n\nBorn: June 24\, 1811\nDied: March 12\, 1889\nIn office: March 23 \, 1853 – April 30\, 1861\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_ Campbell SUMMARY:John Archibald Campbell END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-catron DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18370501 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18650531 DESCRIPTION:John Catron was an American jurist who served as an associate j ustice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1837 to 1865\, durin g the Taney Court.\n\nBorn: January 7\, 1786\nDied: May 30\, 1865\nIn offi ce: May 1\, 1837 – May 30\, 1865\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cat ron SUMMARY:John Catron END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-hessin-clarke DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19160724 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19220919 DESCRIPTION:John Hessin Clarke was an American lawyer and judge who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 191 6 to 1922.\n\nBorn: September 18\, 1857\nDied: March 22\, 1945\nIn office: July 24\, 1916 – September 18\, 1922\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh n_Hessin_Clarke SUMMARY:John Hessin Clarke END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-marshall-harlan DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18771129 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19111015 DESCRIPTION:John Marshall Harlan was an American lawyer and politician who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States f rom 1877 until his death in 1911. He is often called "The Great Dissenter" due to his many dissents in cases that restricted civil liberties\, inclu ding the Civil Rights Cases\, Plessy v. Ferguson\, and Giles v. Harris. Ma ny of Harlan's views expressed in his notable dissents would become the of ficial view of the Supreme Court starting from the 1950s Warren Court and onward.\n\nBorn: June 1\, 1833\nDied: October 14\, 1911\nIn office: Novemb er 29\, 1877 – October 14\, 1911\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mar shall_Harlan SUMMARY:John Marshall Harlan END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:joseph-rucker-lamar DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101217 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19160103 DESCRIPTION:Joseph Rucker Lamar was an Associate Justice of the United Stat es Supreme Court appointed by President William Howard Taft. A cousin of f ormer associate justice Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar\, he served from 1911 until his death in 1916.\n\nBorn: October 14\, 1857\nDied: January 2\ , 1916\nIn office: December 17\, 1910 – January 2\, 1916\nhttps://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar SUMMARY:Joseph Rucker Lamar END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:robert-trimble DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18260509 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18280826 DESCRIPTION:Robert Trimble was a lawyer and jurist who served as Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals\, as United States district judge of the Un ited States District Court for the District of Kentucky and as Associate J ustice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1826 to his death in 1828. During his brief Supreme Court tenure he authored several majority opinions\, including the decision in Ogden v. Saunders\, which was the onl y majority opinion that Chief Justice John Marshall ever dissented from du ring his 34 years on the Court.\n\nBorn: November 17\, 1776\nDied: August 25\, 1828\nIn office: May 9\, 1826 – August 25\, 1828\nhttps://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Robert_Trimble SUMMARY:Robert Trimble END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:samuel-nelson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18450214 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18721129 DESCRIPTION:Samuel Nelson was an American attorney and appointed as judge o f New York State courts. He was appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Cour t of the United States\, serving from 1845 to 1872. He concurred on the 18 57 Dred Scott decision\, although for reasons different from Chief Justice Taney's.\n\nBorn: November 10\, 1792\nDied: September 13\, 1873\nIn offic e: February 14\, 1845 – November 28\, 1872\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wik i/Samuel_Nelson SUMMARY:Samuel Nelson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:stanley-forman-reed DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19380127 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19570226 DESCRIPTION:Stanley Forman Reed was an American lawyer and jurist who serve d as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1938 to 1957. He also served as U.S. Solicitor General from 1935 to 1938.\n\nBorn: December 31\, 1884\nDied: April 2\, 1980\nIn office: January 27\, 1938 – Februar y 25\, 1957\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed SUMMARY:Stanley Forman Reed END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:sherman-minton DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19491005 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19561016 DESCRIPTION:Sherman "Shay" Minton was an American politician and jurist who served as a U.S. senator from Indiana and later became an associate justi ce of the Supreme Court of the United States\; he was a member of the Demo cratic Party.\n\nBorn: 1890\nDied: April 9\, 1965\nIn office: October 5\, 1949 – October 15\, 1956\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton SUMMARY:Sherman Minton END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:mahlon-pitney DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19120313 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19230101 DESCRIPTION:Mahlon R. Pitney IV was an American lawyer\, jurist\, and polit ician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for two terms from 1 895 to 1899. He later served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme C ourt from 1912 to 1922.\n\nBorn: February 5\, 1858\nDied: December 9\, 192 4\nIn office: March 13\, 1912 – December 31\, 1922\nhttps://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney SUMMARY:Mahlon Pitney END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:benjamin-robbins-curtis DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18510922 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18571001 DESCRIPTION:Benjamin Robbins Curtis was an American lawyer and judge who se rved as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1851 to 1857. Curtis was the only Whig justice of the Supreme Court\, and he wa s the first Supreme Court justice to have a formal law degree. He is often remembered as one of the two dissenters in the Supreme Court's infamous 1 857 decision Dred Scott v. Sandford.\n\nBorn: November 4\, 1809\nDied: Sep tember 15\, 1874\nIn office: September 22\, 1851 – September 30\, 1857\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis SUMMARY:Benjamin Robbins Curtis END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-cushing DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17890927 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18100914 DESCRIPTION:William Cushing was an American lawyer who was one of the origi nal five associate justices of the United States Supreme Court\; confirmed by the United States Senate on September 26\, 1789\, he served until his death. His Supreme Court tenure of 20 years and 11 months was the longest among the Court's inaugural members. In January 1796\, he was nominated by President George Washington to become the Court's Chief Justice\; though confirmed\, he declined the appointment. He was the last judge in the Unit ed States to wear a full wig as part of his court dress.\n\nBorn: March 1\ , 1732\nDied: September 13\, 1810\nIn office: September 27\, 1789 – Sept ember 13\, 1810\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cushing SUMMARY:William Cushing END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:rufus-w-peckham DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18951209 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19091025 DESCRIPTION:Rufus Wheeler Peckham was an American lawyer and jurist who ser ved as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1896 to 1909\, and is the most recent Democratic nominee approved by a Republican-majorit y Senate. He was known for his strong use of substantive due process to in validate regulations of business and property. Peckham's namesake father w as also a lawyer and judge\, and a U.S. Representative. His older brother\ , Wheeler Hazard Peckham (1833–1905)\, was one of the lawyers who prosec uted William M. Tweed and a failed nominee to the Supreme Court.\n\nBorn: November 8\, 1838\nDied: October 24\, 1909\nIn office: December 9\, 1895 – October 24\, 1909\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham SUMMARY:Rufus W. Peckham END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:samuel-blatchford DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18820322 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18930708 DESCRIPTION:Samuel M. Blatchford was an American attorney and judge who ser ved as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from April 3\, 1882\, until his death in 1893.\n\nBorn: March 9\, 1820\nDied: July 7\, 1893\nIn office: March 22\, 1882 – July 7\, 1893\nhttps://en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford SUMMARY:Samuel Blatchford END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:samuel-freeman-miller DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18620716 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18901014 DESCRIPTION:Samuel Freeman Miller was an American lawyer and physician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1862 until h is death in 1890 and who authored landmark opinions in United States v. Ka gama and The Slaughterhouse Cases.\n\nBorn: April 5\, 1816\nDied: October 13\, 1890\nIn office: July 16\, 1862 – October 13\, 1890\nhttps://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller SUMMARY:Samuel Freeman Miller END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:thomas-todd DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18070303 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18260208 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Todd was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of th e United States from 1807 to 1826. Raised in the Colony of Virginia\, he b riefly served in the American Revolutionary War before completing his educ ation and moving westward\, where he participated in the founding of Kentu cky. There he practiced law as well as served as a clerk and judge\, befor e becoming a Supreme Court justice. He married twice and had a total of ei ght children. Todd joined the U.S. Supreme Court in 1807 and his handful o f legal opinions there mostly concerned land claims. He was labeled the mo st insignificant U.S. Supreme Court justice by Frank H. Easterbrook in The Most Insignificant Justice: Further Evidence\, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 481 (19 83).\n\nBorn: January 23\, 1765\nDied: February 7\, 1826\nIn office: March 3\, 1807 – February 7\, 1826\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Todd SUMMARY:Thomas Todd END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:lewis-f-powell-jr DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19720107 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19870627 DESCRIPTION:Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 to 1987.\n\nBorn: September 19\, 1907\nDied: August 25\, 1998\nI n office: January 7\, 1972 – June 26\, 1987\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr. SUMMARY:Lewis F. Powell Jr. END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:ward-hunt DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18721211 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18820128 DESCRIPTION:Ward Hunt was an American jurist and politician. He was Chief J udge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1868 to 1869\, and an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1872 to 1882.\n\nBorn: June 14\, 1 810\nDied: March 24\, 1886\nIn office: December 11\, 1872 – January 27\, 1882\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Hunt SUMMARY:Ward Hunt END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-burnham-woods DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18801221 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18870515 DESCRIPTION:William Burnham Woods was an American jurist who served as an a ssociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. An appointee o f President Rutherford B. Hayes\, he served from 1881 until 1887. He wrote the majority opinion in United States v. Harris\, involving the constitut ionality of the Ku Klux Klan Act\, and Presser v. Illinois\, involving the application of the Second Amendment to the states\; both cases adopted a narrow interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. He dissented rarely and wrote mostly uncontroversial opinions.\n\nBorn: August 3\, 1824\nDied: Ma y 14\, 1887\nIn office: December 21\, 1880 – May 14\, 1887\nhttps://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods SUMMARY:William Burnham Woods END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-strong DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18700218 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18801215 DESCRIPTION:William Strong was an American lawyer\, jurist\, and politician who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Sta tes from 1870 to 1880\, writing majority opinions in landmark cases like S trauder v. West Virginia. Strong previously served as a U.S. Representativ e from Pennsylvania from 1847 to 1851 and as a justice of the Supreme Cour t of Pennsylvania from 1857 to 1868. He also served on the Commission that adjudicated the disputed presidential election of 1876.\n\nBorn: May 6\, 1808\nDied: August 19\, 1895\nIn office: February 18\, 1870 – December 1 4\, 1880\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strong_(Supreme_Court_just ice) SUMMARY:William Strong END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:alfred-moore DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18000421 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18040127 DESCRIPTION:Alfred Moore was an American judge\, lawyer\, planter and milit ary officer who became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Un ited States. Moore Square\, a park located in the Moore Square Historic Di strict in Raleigh\, North Carolina\, was named in his honor\, as was Moore County\, North Carolina. He was also a founder and trustee of the Univers ity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.\n\nBorn: May 21\, 1755\nDied: Octobe r 15\, 1810\nIn office: April 21\, 1800 – January 26\, 1804\nhttps://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Moore SUMMARY:Alfred Moore END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:samuel-chase DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17960127 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18110620 DESCRIPTION:Samuel Chase was a Founding Father of the United States\, signe r of the Continental Association and United States Declaration of Independ ence as a representative of Maryland\, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In 1804\, Chase was impeached by the House of Repre sentatives on grounds of letting his partisan leanings affect his court de cisions\, but was acquitted the following year by the Senate and remained in office. He is the only United States Supreme Court Justice to have ever been impeached.\n\nBorn: April 17\, 1741\nDied: June 19\, 1811\nIn office : January 27\, 1796 – June 19\, 1811\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu el_Chase SUMMARY:Samuel Chase END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:amy-coney-barrett DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20201026 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Amy Vivian Coney Barrett is an American lawyer and jurist servi ng since 2020 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United S tates. The fifth woman to serve on the court\, she was nominated by Presid ent Donald Trump. She was a United States circuit judge of the United Stat es Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 2017 to 2020.\n\nBorn: Ja nuary 28\, 1972\nIn office: October 26\, 2020 – present\nhttps://en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett SUMMARY:Amy Coney Barrett END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-marshall-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18010131 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18350707 DESCRIPTION:John Marshall was an American statesman\, jurist\, and Founding Father who served as the fourth chief justice of the United States from 1 801 until his death in 1835. He remains the longest-serving chief justice and fifth-longest-serving justice in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court \, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential justices ever to serve. Prior to joining the court\, Marshall briefly served as both the U.S. secretary of state under President John Adams and a U.S. representat ive from Virginia\, making him one of the few Americans to have held a con stitutional office in each of the three branches of the United States fede ral government.\n\nBorn: September 24\, 1755\nDied: July 6\, 1835\nIn offi ce: January 31\, 1801 – July 6\, 1835\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh n_Marshall SUMMARY:John Marshall (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-jay-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17891019 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17950630 DESCRIPTION:John Jay was an American statesman\, diplomat\, signatory of th e Treaty of Paris\, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served from 1789 to 1795 as the first chief justice of the United States and from 1795 to 1801 as the second governor of New York. Jay directed U.S. foreig n policy for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the Federali st Party after the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. \n\nBorn: December 12\, 1745\nDied: 1829\nIn office: October 19\, 1789 – June 29\, 1795\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay SUMMARY:John Jay (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:earl-warren-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19531005 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19690624 DESCRIPTION:Earl Warren was an American attorney and politician who served as the 14th chief justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969 and as th e 30th governor of California from 1943 to 1953. The Warren Court presided over a major shift in American constitutional jurisprudence\, which has b een recognized by many as a "constitutional revolution" in the liberal dir ection\, with Warren writing the majority opinions in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954)\, Reynolds v. Sims (1964)\, Miranda v. Arizona (1966)\, and Loving v. Virginia (1967). Warren also led the War ren Commission\, a presidential commission that investigated the 1963 assa ssination of President John F. Kennedy. Warren is the most recent chief ju stice to have served in a statewide elected office before nomination to th e Supreme Court and is generally considered to be one of the most influent ial Supreme Court justices and political leaders in the history of the Uni ted States.\n\nBorn: March 19\, 1891\nDied: July 9\, 1974\nIn office: Octo ber 5\, 1953 – June 23\, 1969\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren SUMMARY:Earl Warren (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-rehnquist DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19720107 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19860927 DESCRIPTION:William Hubbs Rehnquist was an American attorney who served as the 16th chief justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2 005\, having previously been an associate justice from 1972 to 1986. Consi dered a staunch conservative\, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalis m that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the state s.\n\nBorn: October 1\, 1924\nDied: September 3\, 2005\nIn office: January 7\, 1972 – September 26\, 1986\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R ehnquist SUMMARY:William Rehnquist END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-rehnquist-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19860926 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20050904 DESCRIPTION:William Hubbs Rehnquist was an American attorney who served as the 16th chief justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2 005\, having previously been an associate justice from 1972 to 1986. Consi dered a staunch conservative\, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalis m that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the state s.\n\nBorn: October 1\, 1924\nDied: September 3\, 2005\nIn office: Septemb er 26\, 1986 – September 3\, 2005\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William _Rehnquist SUMMARY:William Rehnquist (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:thurgood-marshall DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19671002 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19911002 DESCRIPTION:Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall was an American lawyer who ser ved as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justic e. Before his judicial service\, he was an attorney who fought for civil r ights\, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was a prominent figure in the movement to end racial segregation in American public schools. He won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before th e Supreme Court\, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in Bro wn v. Board of Education\, which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and held segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court in 1967. A stau nch liberal\, he frequently dissented as the Court became increasingly con servative.\n\nBorn: July 2\, 1908\nDied: 1993\nIn office: October 2\, 1967 – October 1\, 1991\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall SUMMARY:Thurgood Marshall END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:charles-evans-hughes DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101010 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19160611 DESCRIPTION:Charles Evans Hughes was an American politician\, academic\, an d jurist who served as the 11th chief justice of the United States from 19 30 to 1941. A member of the Republican Party\, he previously was the 36th governor of New York (1907–1910)\, an associate justice of the Supreme C ourt (1910–1916)\, and 44th U.S. secretary of state (1921–1925). He wa s the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election\, narrowly losi ng to incumbent president Woodrow Wilson.\n\nBorn: April 11\, 1862\nDied: August 27\, 1948\nIn office: October 10\, 1910 – June 10\, 1916\nhttps:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes SUMMARY:Charles Evans Hughes END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:charles-evans-hughes-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19300213 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19410701 DESCRIPTION:Charles Evans Hughes was an American politician\, academic\, an d jurist who served as the 11th chief justice of the United States from 19 30 to 1941. A member of the Republican Party\, he previously was the 36th governor of New York (1907–1910)\, an associate justice of the Supreme C ourt (1910–1916)\, and 44th U.S. secretary of state (1921–1925). He wa s the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election\, narrowly losi ng to incumbent president Woodrow Wilson.\n\nBorn: April 11\, 1862\nDied: August 27\, 1948\nIn office: February 13\, 1930 – June 30\, 1941\nhttps: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes SUMMARY:Charles Evans Hughes (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:abe-fortas DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19651004 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19690515 DESCRIPTION:Abraham Fortas was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1965 t o 1969. Born and raised in Memphis\, Tennessee\, Fortas graduated from Rho des College and Yale Law School. He later became a law professor at Yale a nd then an advisor for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Fortas worked at the Department of the Interior under President Franklin D. Roos evelt\, and was appointed by President Harry S. Truman to delegations that helped set up the United Nations in 1945.\n\nBorn: June 19\, 1910\nDied: April 5\, 1982\nIn office: October 4\, 1965 – May 14\, 1969\nhttps://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Fortas SUMMARY:Abe Fortas END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:warren-e-burger-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19690623 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19860927 DESCRIPTION:Warren Earl Burger was an American attorney who served as the 1 5th chief justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986.\n\nBorn: Septemb er 17\, 1907\nDied: June 25\, 1995\nIn office: June 23\, 1969 – Septembe r 26\, 1986\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger SUMMARY:Warren E. Burger (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-howard-taft-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19210711 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19300204 DESCRIPTION:William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913 and the tenth chief justice of the United States from 1 921 to 1930. He is the only person to have held both offices.\n\nBorn: Sep tember 15\, 1857\nDied: March 8\, 1930\nIn office: July 11\, 1921 – Febr uary 3\, 1930\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft SUMMARY:William Howard Taft (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:roger-b-taney-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18360315 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18641013 DESCRIPTION:Roger Brooke Taney was an American lawyer and politician who se rved as the fifth chief justice of the United States from 1836 until his d eath in 1864. Prior to joining the U.S. Supreme Court\, Taney served as th e U.S. attorney general and U.S. secretary of the treasury under President Andrew Jackson. Taney's legacy is chiefly defined by the majority opinion he wrote in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)\, which ruled that African Amer icans could not be considered U.S. citizens and that Congress could not pr ohibit slavery in the U.S. territories.\n\nBorn: March 17\, 1777\nDied: Oc tober 12\, 1864\nIn office: March 15\, 1836 – October 12\, 1864\nhttps:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Taney SUMMARY:Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:oliver-wendell-holmes DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19021204 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19320113 DESCRIPTION:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932. Holmes i s one of the most widely cited and influential Supreme Court justices in A merican history\, noted for his long tenure on the Court and for his pithy opinions – particularly those on civil liberties and American constitu tional democracy – and deference to the decisions of elected legislatur es. Holmes retired from the Court at the age of 90\, an unbeaten record fo r oldest justice on the Supreme Court. He previously served the Union as a brevet colonel in the American Civil War\, as an associate justice and ch ief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court\, and as Weld Prof essor of Law at his alma mater\, Harvard Law School. His positions\, disti nctive personality\, and writing style made him a popular figure\, especia lly with American progressives.\n\nBorn: March 8\, 1841\nDied: March 6\, 1 935\nIn office: December 4\, 1902 – January 12\, 1932\nhttps://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr. SUMMARY:Oliver Wendell Holmes END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:james-wilson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17900101 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17950102 DESCRIPTION:James Wilson was a Scottish American Founding Father\, legal sc holar\, jurist\, and statesman who served as an associate justice of the U nited States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1798. Wilson was elected twice to the Continental Congress\, and was a signatory of the Declaration of Indep endence. In 1787 he was a major participant in drafting the U.S. Constitut ion\, and became one of only six people to sign both documents. A leading legal theorist\, he was one of the first four Associate Justices appointed to the Supreme Court by George Washington.\n\nBorn: September 14\, 1742\n Died: August 21\, 1798\nIn office: 1790 – January 1\, 1795\nhttps://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father) SUMMARY:James Wilson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-rutledge DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17900215 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17910306 DESCRIPTION:John Rutledge Jr. was an American Founding Father\, politician\ , and jurist who served as one of the original associate justices of the S upreme Court and the second chief justice of the United States. Additional ly\, he served as the first president of South Carolina and later as its f irst governor after the Declaration of Independence was signed.\n\nBorn: S eptember 17\, 1739\nDied: July 23\, 1800\nIn office: February 15\, 1790 – March 5\, 1791\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge SUMMARY:John Rutledge END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-rutledge-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17950630 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17951229 DESCRIPTION:John Rutledge Jr. was an American Founding Father\, politician\ , and jurist who served as one of the original associate justices of the S upreme Court and the second chief justice of the United States. Additional ly\, he served as the first president of South Carolina and later as its f irst governor after the Declaration of Independence was signed.\n\nBorn: S eptember 17\, 1739\nDied: July 23\, 1800\nIn office: June 30\, 1795 – De cember 28\, 1795\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge SUMMARY:John Rutledge (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:david-davis DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18621017 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18770305 DESCRIPTION:David Davis was an American politician and jurist who was a U.S . senator from Illinois and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He also served as Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 R epublican National Convention\, engineering Lincoln's successful nominatio n for president by that party.\n\nBorn: March 9\, 1815\nDied: June 26\, 18 86\nIn office: October 17\, 1862 – March 4\, 1877\nhttps://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice) SUMMARY:David Davis END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:james-f-byrnes DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19410708 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19421004 DESCRIPTION:James Francis Byrnes was an American judge and politician from South Carolina. A member of the Democratic Party\, he served in the U.S. C ongress and on the U.S. Supreme Court\, as well as in the executive branch \, most prominently as the 49th U.S. Secretary of State under President Ha rry S. Truman. Byrnes was also the 104th governor of South Carolina.\n\nBo rn: May 2\, 1882\nDied: April 9\, 1972\nIn office: July 8\, 1941 – Octob er 3\, 1942\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes SUMMARY:James F. Byrnes END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:salmon-p-chase-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18641215 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18730508 DESCRIPTION:Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth chief justice of the United States from 1864 to his d eath in 1873. Earlier\, he had served as the 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury in the Abraham Lincoln administration from 1861 to 1864\, during the American Civil War. Chase also served as the 23rd Governor of O hio from 1856 to 1860\, and represented Ohio in the United States Senate f rom 1849 to 1855 and again in 1861. Chase is therefore one of the few Amer ican politicians who have held constitutional office in all three branches of the federal government\, in addition to serving in the highest state-l evel office. From the 1850s onward\, even as Chief Justice\, Chase unsucce ssfully sought a presidential nomination.\n\nBorn: January 13\, 1808\nDied : 1873\nIn office: December 15\, 1864 – May 7\, 1873\nhttps://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase SUMMARY:Salmon P. Chase (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:hugo-black DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19370818 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19710918 DESCRIPTION:Hugo Lafayette Black was an American lawyer\, politician\, and jurist who served as a U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1927 to 1937 and as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937 to 1971. A member of the Democratic Party and a devoted New Dealer\, Black endorsed Frankli n D. Roosevelt in both the 1932 and 1936 presidential elections.\n\nBorn: February 27\, 1886\nDied: September 25\, 1971\nIn office: August 18\, 1937 – September 17\, 1971\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Black SUMMARY:Hugo Black END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:fred-m-vinson-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19460621 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19530909 DESCRIPTION:Frederick Moore Vinson was an American attorney and politician who served as the 13th chief justice of the United States from 1946 until his death in 1953. Vinson was one of the few Americans to have served in a ll three branches of the U.S. government. Before becoming chief justice\, Vinson served as a U.S. representative from Kentucky from 1924 to 1928 and 1930 to 1938\, as a federal appellate judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1938 to 1943\, and as the U.S. s ecretary of the treasury from 1945 to 1946.\n\nBorn: January 22\, 1890\nDi ed: September 8\, 1953\nIn office: June 21\, 1946 – September 8\, 1953\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson SUMMARY:Fred M. Vinson (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:david-souter DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19901009 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20090630 DESCRIPTION:David Hackett Souter was an American lawyer and jurist who serv ed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat th at had been vacated by William J. Brennan Jr.\, Souter was a member of bot h the Rehnquist and Roberts courts.\n\nBorn: September 17\, 1939\nDied: Ma y 8\, 2025\nIn office: October 9\, 1990 – June 29\, 2009\nhttps://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter SUMMARY:David Souter END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:brett-kavanaugh DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20181006 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Brett Michael Kavanaugh is an American lawyer and jurist servin g as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He wa s nominated by President Donald Trump on July 9\, 2018\, and has served si nce October 6\, 2018. He was previously a United States circuit judge of t he United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit fro m 2006 to 2018.\n\nBorn: February 12\, 1965\nIn office: October 6\, 2018 – present\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh SUMMARY:Brett Kavanaugh END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:robert-h-jackson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19410711 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19541010 DESCRIPTION:Robert Houghwout Jackson was an American lawyer\, jurist\, and politician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court fr om 1941 until his death in 1954. He had previously served as United States Solicitor General and United States Attorney General\, and is the only pe rson to have held all three of those offices. Jackson was also notable for his work at the Nuremberg trials prosecuting Nazi war criminals following World War II. Jackson developed a reputation as one of the best writers o n the Supreme Court and one of the most committed to enforcing due process as protection from overreaching federal agencies.\n\nBorn: February 13\, 1892\nDied: October 9\, 1954\nIn office: July 11\, 1941 – October 9\, 19 54\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson SUMMARY:Robert H. Jackson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:stanley-matthews DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18810512 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18890323 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Stanley Matthews\, known as Stanley Matthews in adulthoo d\, was an American attorney\, soldier\, judge and senator from Ohio who b ecame an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court\, serving fr om May 1881 to his death in 1889. A Republican politician and progressive justice\, he was the author of the landmark rulings Yick Wo v. Hopkins and Ex parte Crow Dog.\n\nBorn: July 21\, 1824\nDied: March 22\, 1889\nIn off ice: May 12\, 1881 – March 22\, 1889\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan ley_Matthews_(judge) SUMMARY:Stanley Matthews END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:harold-hitz-burton DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19450922 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19581014 DESCRIPTION:Harold Hitz Burton was an American politician and lawyer. He se rved as the 45th mayor of Cleveland\, Ohio\, as a U.S. senator from Ohio\, and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.\n\ nBorn: June 22\, 1888\nDied: October 28\, 1964\nIn office: September 22\, 1945 – October 13\, 1958\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_H._Burton SUMMARY:Harold Hitz Burton END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:oliver-ellsworth-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17960304 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18001001 DESCRIPTION:Oliver Ellsworth was a Founding Father of the United States\, a ttorney\, jurist\, politician\, and diplomat. Ellsworth was a framer of th e United States Constitution\, United States senator from Connecticut\, an d the third chief justice of the United States. Additionally\, he received 11 electoral votes in the 1796 presidential election.\n\nBorn: April 29\, 1745\nDied: November 26\, 1807\nIn office: March 4\, 1796 – September 3 0\, 1800\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth SUMMARY:Oliver Ellsworth (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:louis-brandeis DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19160601 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19390214 DESCRIPTION:Louis Dembitz Brandeis was an American lawyer who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1916 to 1939. Brandeis wa s a leading figure in the antitrust movement at the turn of the 20th centu ry\, particularly in his resistance to the monopolization of the New Engla nd railroad. His anti-monopolistic jurisprudence laid the intellectual fou ndation for the New Brandeis movement\, a contemporary revival of antitrus t thought spearheaded by figures such as Lina Khan and Tim Wu.\n\nBorn: No vember 13\, 1856\nDied: October 5\, 1941\nIn office: June 1\, 1916 – Feb ruary 13\, 1939\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis SUMMARY:Louis Brandeis END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:david-josiah-brewer DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18891218 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19100329 DESCRIPTION:David Josiah Brewer was an American jurist who served as an ass ociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1890 to 1910 . An appointee of President Benjamin Harrison\, he supported states' right s\, opposed broad interpretations of Congress's power to regulate intersta te commerce\, and voted to strike down economic regulations that he felt i nfringed on the freedom of contract. He and Justice Rufus W. Peckham were the "intellectual leaders" of the Fuller Court\, according to the legal ac ademic Owen M. Fiss. Brewer has been viewed negatively by most scholars\, though a few have argued that his reputation as a reactionary deserves to be reconsidered.\n\nBorn: January 20\, 1837\nDied: March 27\, 1910\nIn off ice: December 18\, 1889 – March 28\, 1910\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /David_J._Brewer SUMMARY:David Josiah Brewer END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:levi-woodbury DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18450920 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18510905 DESCRIPTION:Levi Woodbury was an American attorney\, jurist\, and Democrati c politician from New Hampshire. During a four-decade career in public off ice\, Woodbury served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\, a United States senator\, the ninth governor of New Hampsh ire\, and cabinet member in the Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren admini strations. He was promoted as a candidate for the Democratic nomination fo r President of the United States in 1848.\n\nBorn: December 22\, 1789\nDie d: September 4\, 1851\nIn office: September 20\, 1845 – September 4\, 18 51\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Woodbury SUMMARY:Levi Woodbury END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:thomas-johnson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17910805 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17930117 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Johnson was an 18th-century American lawyer\, politicia n\, and patriot. He was a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 17 74\, where he signed the Continental Association\; commander of the Maryla nd militia in 1776\; and elected first (non-Colonial) governor of Maryland in 1777. Throughout his career\, Johnson maintained a personal and politi cal friendship with George Washington\, who gave him a recess appointment as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in August 1791. Citing poor h ealth\, he served only briefly and resigned in January 1793\, with the sec ond shortest tenure of any Supreme Court justice.\n\nBorn: November 4\, 17 32\nDied: October 26\, 1819\nIn office: August 5\, 1791 – January 16\, 1 793\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge) SUMMARY:Thomas Johnson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:ketanji-brown-jackson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20220630 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20261018 DESCRIPTION:Ketanji Onyika Brown Jackson is an American lawyer and jurist w ho is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Jack son was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Joe Biden on Febr uary 25\, 2022\, and confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn into office that same year. She is the first Black woman\, the first former fed eral public defender\, and the sixth woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Co urt.\n\nBorn: September 14\, 1970\nIn office: June 30\, 2022 – present\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson SUMMARY:Ketanji Brown Jackson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:howell-edmunds-jackson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18930218 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18950809 DESCRIPTION:Howell Edmunds Jackson was an American attorney\, politician\, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1893 until his death in 1895. His brief tenure on the S upreme Court is most remembered for his opinion in Pollock v. Farmers' Loa n & Trust Co.\, in which Jackson argued in dissent that a federal income t ax was constitutional. Republican President Benjamin Harrison appointed Ja ckson\, a Democrat\, to the Court. His rulings demonstrated support for br oad federal power\, a skepticism of states' rights and an inclination towa rd judicial restraint. Jackson's unexpected death after only two years of service prevented him from having a substantial impact on American jurispr udence.\n\nBorn: April 8\, 1832\nDied: August 8\, 1895\nIn office: Februar y 18\, 1893 – August 8\, 1895\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_E._J ackson SUMMARY:Howell Edmunds Jackson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:owen-roberts DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19300520 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19450801 DESCRIPTION:Owen Josephus Roberts was an associate justice of the United St ates Supreme Court from 1930 to 1945. He also led two Roberts Commissions\ , the first of which investigated the attack on Pearl Harbor\, and the sec ond of which focused on works of cultural value during World War II.\n\nB orn: May 2\, 1875\nDied: May 17\, 1955\nIn office: May 20\, 1930 – July 31\, 1945\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roberts SUMMARY:Owen Roberts END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:edward-douglass-white-jr DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18940219 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101219 DESCRIPTION:Edward Douglass White Jr. was an American politician and jurist who served as an \nassociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United S tates from 1894 to 1910 and as the ninth Chief Justice of the United State s from 1910 until his death in 1921\, for a total of 27 years on the bench . He was a descendant of the Lee family of Virginia.\n\nBorn: November 3\, 1845\nDied: May 19\, 1921\nIn office: February 19\, 1894 – December 18\ , 1910\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White SUMMARY:Edward Douglass White Jr. END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:edward-douglass-white-jr-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19101219 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19210520 DESCRIPTION:Edward Douglass White Jr. was an American politician and jurist who served as an \nassociate justice of the Supreme Court of the United S tates from 1894 to 1910 and as the ninth Chief Justice of the United State s from 1910 until his death in 1921\, for a total of 27 years on the bench . He was a descendant of the Lee family of Virginia.\n\nBorn: November 3\, 1845\nDied: May 19\, 1921\nIn office: December 19\, 1910 – May 19\, 192 1\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White SUMMARY:Edward Douglass White Jr. (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-r-day DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19030302 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19221114 DESCRIPTION:William Rufus Day was an American diplomat and jurist who serve d as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1 903 to 1922. Prior to his service on the Supreme Court\, Day served as Uni ted States Secretary of State during the administration of President Willi am McKinley. He also served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and the United States Circu it Courts for the Sixth Circuit.\n\nBorn: April 17\, 1849\nDied: July 9\, 1923\nIn office: March 2\, 1903 – November 13\, 1922\nhttps://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/William_R._Day SUMMARY:William R. Day END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:arthur-goldberg DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19620928 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19650727 DESCRIPTION:Arthur Joseph Goldberg was an American politician and jurist wh o served as the 9th U.S. secretary of labor\, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\, and the 6th United States ambassador to the United Nations.\n\nBorn: August 8\, 1908\nDied: January 18\, 1990\n In office: September 28\, 1962 – July 26\, 1965\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg SUMMARY:Arthur Goldberg END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-j-brennan DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19561015 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19900721 DESCRIPTION:William Joseph Brennan Jr. was an American lawyer and jurist wh o served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1956 to 1990. He was the eighth-longest serving justice in Supreme C ourt history\, and was known for being a leader of the Court's liberal win g.\n\nBorn: April 25\, 1906\nDied: July 24\, 1997\nIn office: October 15\, 1956 – July 20\, 1990\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Brennan _Jr. SUMMARY:William J. Brennan END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:thomas-campbell-clark DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19490819 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19670613 DESCRIPTION:Thomas Campbell Clark was an American lawyer who served as the 59th United States attorney general from 1945 to 1949 and as Associate Jus tice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.\n\nBorn: September 23\, 1899\nDied: June 13\, 1977\nIn office: August 19\, 1949 – June 12\, 1967\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_C._Clark SUMMARY:Thomas Campbell Clark END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:james-clark-mcreynolds DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19140829 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19410201 DESCRIPTION:James Clark McReynolds was an American lawyer and judge from Te nnessee who served as United States Attorney General under President Woodr ow Wilson and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United S tates. He served on the Court from 1914 to his retirement in 1941. McReyno lds is best known today for his sustained opposition to the domestic progr ams of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and for his abrasive and dislikeabl e personality\, which his contemporaries mostly viewed negatively and incl uded documented elements of overt antisemitism and racism.\n\nBorn: Februa ry 3\, 1862\nDied: August 24\, 1946\nIn office: August 29\, 1914 – Janua ry 31\, 1941\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds SUMMARY:James Clark McReynolds END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:nathan-clifford DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18580112 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18810726 DESCRIPTION:Nathan Clifford was an American lawyer\, diplomat\, and Democra t politician from Maine.\n\nBorn: August 18\, 1803\nDied: July 25\, 1881\n In office: January 12\, 1858 – July 25\, 1881\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Nathan_Clifford SUMMARY:Nathan Clifford END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-henry-moody DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19061212 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19101121 DESCRIPTION:William Henry Moody was an American politician and jurist who h eld positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States . He represented parts of Essex County\, Massachusetts in the United State s House of Representatives from 1895 until 1902. He then served in the cab inet of President Theodore Roosevelt as Secretary of the Navy and Attorney General before Roosevelt appointed him to the United States Supreme Court in 1906. He retired from the Court for health reasons after a brief tenur e of just less than four years. A progressive like Roosevelt\, he opposed racial segregation and spoke out in favor of African-American civil rights .\n\nBorn: December 23\, 1853\nDied: July 2\, 1917\nIn office: December 12 \, 1906 – November 20\, 1910\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henr y_Moody SUMMARY:William Henry Moody END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:joseph-mckenna DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18980121 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19250106 DESCRIPTION:Joseph McKenna was an American politician who served in all thr ee branches of the U.S. federal government as a member of the U.S. House o f Representatives\, as U.S. Attorney General and as an Associate Justice o f the Supreme Court. He is one of seventeen members of the House of Repres entatives who subsequently served on the Supreme Court.\n\nBorn: August 10 \, 1843\nDied: November 21\, 1926\nIn office: January 21\, 1898 – Januar y 5\, 1925\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McKenna SUMMARY:Joseph McKenna END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:philip-pendleton-barbour DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18360315 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18410226 DESCRIPTION:Philip Pendleton Barbour was the tenth speaker of the United St ates House of Representatives and an associate justice of the Supreme Cour t of the United States. He is the only individual to serve in both positio ns.\n\nBorn: May 25\, 1783\nDied: February 25\, 1841\nIn office: March 15\ , 1836 – February 25\, 1841\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_P._Bar bour SUMMARY:Philip Pendleton Barbour END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:william-paterson DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17930304 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18060909 DESCRIPTION:William Paterson was an American statesman\, lawyer\, jurist\, and signer of the United States Constitution. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court\, the second governor of New Jersey\, a nd a Founding Father of the United States.\n\nBorn: December 24\, 1745\nDi ed: September 9\, 1806\nIn office: March 4\, 1793 – September 8\, 1806\n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge) SUMMARY:William Paterson END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-blair-jr DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:17890930 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:17951026 DESCRIPTION:John Blair Jr. was an American Founding Father\, who signed the United States Constitution as a delegate from Virginia and was appointed an Associate Justice on the first U.S. Supreme Court by George Washington. \n\nBorn: April 17\, 1732\nDied: August 31\, 1800\nIn office: September 30 \, 1789 – October 25\, 1795\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blair_Jr . SUMMARY:John Blair Jr. END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:benjamin-n-cardozo DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19320302 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19380710 DESCRIPTION:Benjamin Nathan Cardozo was an American lawyer and jurist who s erved on the New York Court of Appeals from 1914 to 1932 and as an associa te justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1932 until his d eath in 1938. Cardozo is remembered for his significant influence on the d evelopment of American common law in the 20th century\, as well as for his philosophy and vivid prose style.\n\nBorn: May 24\, 1870\nDied: July 9\, 1938\nIn office: March 2\, 1932 – July 9\, 1938\nhttps://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo SUMMARY:Benjamin N. Cardozo END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:frank-murphy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19400118 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19490720 DESCRIPTION:William Francis Murphy was an American politician\, lawyer\, an d jurist from Harbor Beach\, Michigan. He was a Democrat who was named to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 after a political career th at included serving as United States Attorney General\, 35th governor of M ichigan\, and Mayor of Detroit. He also served as the last American Govern or-General of the Philippines and the first High Commissioner to the Phili ppines.\n\nBorn: April 13\, 1890\nDied: July 19\, 1949\nIn office: January 18\, 1940 – July 19\, 1949\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Murphy SUMMARY:Frank Murphy END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:henry-baldwin DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18300106 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18440422 DESCRIPTION:Henry Baldwin was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from January 6\, 1830\, to April 21\, 1844.\n\nBorn: Jan uary 14\, 1780\nDied: April 21\, 1844\nIn office: January 6\, 1830 – Apr il 21\, 1844\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge) SUMMARY:Henry Baldwin END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-mckinley DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18370422 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:18520720 DESCRIPTION:John McKinley was a United States Senator from the state of Ala bama and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.\n \nBorn: May 1\, 1780\nDied: July 19\, 1852\nIn office: April 22\, 1837 – July 19\, 1852\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKinley SUMMARY:John McKinley END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:harlan-f-stone DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19250205 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19410704 DESCRIPTION:Harlan Fiske Stone was an American attorney who served as an as sociate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as th e 12th chief justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 194 6. He also served as the U.S. Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under Pre sident Calvin Coolidge\, with whom he had attended Amherst College as a yo ung man. His most famous dictum was that "Courts are not the only agency o f government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."\n\nBorn: Oc tober 11\, 1872\nDied: April 22\, 1946\nIn office: February 5\, 1925 – J uly 3\, 1941\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone SUMMARY:Harlan F. Stone END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:harlan-f-stone-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19410703 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19460423 DESCRIPTION:Harlan Fiske Stone was an American attorney who served as an as sociate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as th e 12th chief justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 194 6. He also served as the U.S. Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under Pre sident Calvin Coolidge\, with whom he had attended Amherst College as a yo ung man. His most famous dictum was that "Courts are not the only agency o f government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."\n\nBorn: Oc tober 11\, 1872\nDied: April 22\, 1946\nIn office: July 3\, 1941 – April 22\, 1946\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone SUMMARY:Harlan F. Stone (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:melville-fuller-chief-justice DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:18881008 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19100705 DESCRIPTION:Melville Weston Fuller was an American politician\, attorney\, and jurist who served as the eighth chief justice of the United States fro m 1888 until his death in 1910. Staunch conservatism marked his tenure on the Supreme Court\, exhibited by his tendency to support unfettered free e nterprise and to oppose broad federal power. He wrote major opinions on th e federal income tax\, the Commerce Clause\, and citizenship law\, and he took part in important decisions about racial segregation and the liberty of contract. The rulings faced criticism during and after Fuller's tenure\ , and many were later overruled or abrogated. The legal academy has genera lly viewed Fuller negatively\, although a revisionist minority has taken a more favorable view of his jurisprudence.\n\nBorn: February 11\, 1833\nDi ed: July 4\, 1910\nIn office: October 8\, 1888 – July 4\, 1910\nhttps:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Fuller SUMMARY:Melville Fuller (Chief Justice) END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:john-marshall-harlan-ii DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19550317 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19710924 DESCRIPTION:John Marshall Harlan was an American lawyer and jurist who serv ed as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. Ha rlan is usually called John Marshall Harlan II to distinguish him from his grandfather\, John Marshall Harlan\, who served on the U.S. Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911.\n\nBorn: May 20\, 1899\nDied: December 29\, 1971\nIn o ffice: March 17\, 1955 – September 23\, 1971\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II SUMMARY:John Marshall Harlan II END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20261017T121936Z UID:byron-white DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:19620416 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:19930629 DESCRIPTION:Byron Raymond "Whizzer" White was an American lawyer and profes sional football halfback who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1962 to 1993. At the time of his retireme nt\, he was the Supreme Court's only sitting justice appointed by a Democr at and the last-living member of the progressive Warren Court.\n\nBorn: Ju ne 8\, 1917\nDied: April 15\, 2002\nIn office: April 16\, 1962 – June 28 \, 1993\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_White SUMMARY:Byron White END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR