A narrowly tailored use of race in student admission decisions may be permissible under the Equal Protection Clause because a diverse student body is beneficial to all students. This was hinted at in Regents v. Bakke (1978). (Overruled by Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023)) Decided June 23, 2003 (argued April 1, 2003). Opinion of the Court: Sandra Day O'Connor → go there Dissenting: Rehnquist, Kennedy. Applied: the Fourteenth Amendment → go there Topic: Discrimination based on race and ethnicity. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), was a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action in student admissions. The Court held that a student admissions process that favors "underrepresented minority groups" did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause so long as it took into account other factors evaluated on an individual basis for every applicant. The decision largely upheld the Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which allowed race to be a consideration in admissions policy but held racial quotas to be unconstitutional. In its companion case, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), the Court struck down a points-based admissions system that awarded an automatic bonus to the admissions scores of minority applicants. Wiki link