The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's expansion of Medicaid is unconstitutional as-written—it is unduly coercive to force the states to choose between participating in the expansion or forgoing all Medicaid funds. In addition, the individual health insurance mandate is constitutional by virtue of the Taxing and Spending Clause (though not by the Commerce Clause or the Necessary and Proper Clause). Decided June 28, 2012 (argued 2012). Opinion of the Court: Roberts (Parts I, II, and III–C) Dissenting: Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, Thomas. Topic: Federalism. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court upheld Congress's power to enact most provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly called Obamacare, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (HCERA), including a requirement for most Americans to pay a penalty for forgoing health insurance by 2014. The Acts represented a major set of changes to the American health care system that had been the subject of highly contentious debate, largely divided on political party lines. Wiki link