July 23 in history: • 1891 – During a visit of the French Navy to Kronstadt in Russia, the two nations reached a secret agreement on a joint response to any future war in Europe. → go there • 1942 – Bulgarian poet and communist activist Nikola Vaptsarov was executed by firing squad. → go there • 1995 – Hale–Bopp, one of the most widely observed comets of the 20th century, was independently discovered by astronomers Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp. → go there • 1999 – Forty-seven people were arrested in Tulia, Texas, for dealing cocaine; 35 of them were pardoned by the governor of Texas years later. → go there • 2010 – The English-Irish boy band One Direction (pictured) were formed while auditioning for the 2010 series of the British singing competition The X Factor. → go there Born 1773: Thomas Brisbane Wiki link Died 1980: Mollie Steimer Wiki link Born 1996: David Dobrik Wiki link Died 2025: Arnold Palacios Wiki link Pictured: One Direction.