Pope Innocent X is best known for his strong defense of papal independence against the growing power of secular rulers. He was involved in the political struggles of Europe, particularly in the Thirty Years' War. Birth name: Giovanni Battista Pamphilj Nationality: Papal States Born: May 16, 1574 Died: January 7, 1655 Pontificate: September 15, 1644 – January 7, 1655